The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb
[1864-1877]
Tacitus: Annals Book 15 [20]
20. Next came the prosecution of Claudius Timarchus of Crete, on such charges
as often fall on very influential provincials, whom immense wealth has emboldened
to the oppression of the weak. But one speech of his had gone to the extremity
of a gross insult to the Senate; for he had repeatedly declared that it was
in his power to decide whether the proconsuls who had governed Crete should
receive the thanks of the province. Paetus Thrasea, turning the occasion to
public advantage, after having stated his opinion that the accused ought to
be expelled from Crete, further spoke as follows:- “It is found by experience,
Senators, that admirable laws and right precedents among the good have their
origin in the misdeeds of others. Thus the license of advocates resulted in
the Cincian bill; the corrupt practices of candidates, in the Julian laws; the
rapacity of magistrates, in the Calpurnian enactments. For, in point of time,
guilt comes before punishment, and correction follows after delinquency. And
therefore, to meet the new insolence of provincials, let us adopt a measure
worthy of Roman good faith and resolution, whereby our allies may lose nothing
of our protection, while public opinion may cease to say of us, that the estimate
of a man’s character is to found anywhere rather than in the judgment of our
citizens.
21. “Formerly, it was not only a praetor or a consul, but private persons
also, who were sent to inspect the provinces, and to report what they thought
about each man’s loyalty. And nations were timidly sensitive to the opinion
of individuals. But now we court foreigners and flatter them, and just as there
is a vote of thanks at any one’s pleasure, so even more eagerly is a prosecution
decided on. Well; let it be decided on, and let the provincials retain the right
of showing their power in this fashion, but as for false praise which has been
extorted by entreaties, let it be as much checked as fraud or tyranny. More
faults are often committed, while we are trying to oblige than while we are
giving offence. Nay, some virtues are actually hated; inflexible strictness,
for example, and a temper proof against partiality. Consequently, our magistrates’
early career is generally better than its close, which deteriorates, when we
are anxiously seeking votes, like candidates. If such practices are stopped,
our provinces will be ruled more equitably and more steadily. For as the dread
of a charge of extortion has been a check to rapacity, so, by prohibiting the
vote of thanks, will the pursuit of popularity be restrained.”
22. This opinion was hailed with great unanimity, but the Senate’s resolution
could not be finally passed, as the consuls decided that there had been no formal
motion on the subject. Then, at the emperor’s suggestion, they decreed that
no one was to propose to any council of our allies that a vote of thanks ought
to be given in the Senate to propraetors or proconsuls, and that no one was
to discharge such a mission. During the same consulship a gymnasium was wholly
consumed by a stroke of lightning, and a statue of Nero within it was melted
down to a shapeless mass of bronze. An earthquake too demolished a large part
of Pompeii, a populous town in Campania. And one of the vestal virgins, Laelia,
died, and in her place was chosen Cornelia, of the family of the Cossi.
23. During the consulship of Memmius Regulus and Verginius Rufus, Nero welcomed
with something more than mortal joy the birth of a daughter by Poppaea, whom
he called Augusta, the same title having also been given to Poppaea. The place
of her confinement was the colony of Antium, where the emperor himself was born.
Already had the Senate commended Poppaea’s safety to the gods, and had made
vows in the State’s name, which were repeated again and again and duly discharged.
To these was added a public thanksgiving, and a temple was decreed to the goddess
of fecundity, as well as games and contests after the type of the ceremonies
commemorative of Actium, and golden images of the two Fortunes were to be set
up on the throne of Jupiter of the Capitol. Shows too of the circus were to
be exhibited in honour of the Claudian and Domitian families at Antium, like
those at Bovillae in commemoration of the Julii. Transient distinctions all
of them, as within four months the infant died. Again there was an outburst
of flattery, men voting the honours of deification, of a shrine, a temple, and
a priest. The emperor, too, was as excessive in his grief as he had been in
his joy. It was observed that when all the Senate rushed out to Antium to honour
the recent birth, Thrasea was forbidden to go, and received with fearless spirit
an affront which foreboded his doom. Then followed, as rumour says, an expression
from the emperor, in which he boasted to Seneca of his reconciliation with Thrasea,
on which Seneca congratulated him. And now henceforth the glory and the peril
of these illustrious men grew greater.
24. Meanwhile, in the beginning of spring, Parthian envoys brought a message
from king Vologeses, with a letter to the same effect. “He did not,” it was
said, “repeat his former and frequent claims to the holding of Armenia, since
the gods who ruled the destinies of the most powerful nations, had handed over
its possession to the Parthians, not without disgrace to Rome. Only lately,
he had besieged Tigranes; afterwards, he let Paetus and his legions depart in
safety when he could have destroyed them. He had tried force with a satisfactory
result; he had also given clemency a trial. Nor would Tiridates refuse a journey
to Rome to receive the crown, were he not detained at home by the duties of
a sacred office. He was ready to go to the emperor’s image in the Roman headquarters,
and there in the presence of the legions inaugurate his reign.”
25. As Paetus’s despatch contradicted this letter from Vologeses and implied
that matters were unchanged, the centurion who had arrived with the envoys was
questioned as to the state of Armenia. He replied that all the Romans had quitted
it. Then was perceived the mockery of the barbarians in petitioning for what
they had wrested from us, and Nero consulted with the chief men of the State
whether they should accept a dangerous war or a disgraceful peace. There was
no hesitation about war. Corbulo, who had known our soldiers and the enemy for
so many years, was appointed to conduct it, that there might be no more blunders
through any other officer’s incapacity; for people were utterly disgusted with
Paetus. So the envoys were sent back without an answer, but with some presents,
in order to inspire a hope that Tiridates would not make the same request in
vain, if only he presented his petition in person. The administration of Syria
was intrusted to Caius Itius, and the military forces to Corbulo, to which was
added the fifteenth legion, under the leadership of Marius Celsus, from Pannonia.
Written orders were sent to the tetrarchs, the tributaries, kings, prefects
and procurators, and all the praetors who governed the neighbouring provinces,
to obey Corbulo’s commands, as his powers were enlarged on much the same scale
as that which the Roman people had granted to Cneius Pompeius on the eve of
his war against the Pirates. When Paetus returned and dreaded something worse,
the emperor thought it enough to reproach him with a jest, to the effect that
he pardoned him at once, lest one so ready to take fright might sink under prolonged
suspense.
26. Corbulo meantime transferred to Syria the fourth and twelfth legions,
which, from the loss of their bravest men and the panic of the remainder, seemed
quite unfit for battle, and led thence into Armenia the third and sixth legions,
troops in thorough efficiency, and trained by frequent and successful service.
And he added to his army the fifth legion, which, having been quartered in Pontus,
had known nothing of disaster, with men of the fifteenth, lately brought up,
and picked veterans from Illyricum and Egypt, and all the allied cavalry and
infantry, and the auxiliaries of the tributary princes, which had been concentrated
at Melitene, where he was preparing to cross the Euphrates. Then, after the
due lustration of his army, he called them together for an harangue, and began
with grand allusions to the imperial auspices, and to his own achievements,
while he attributed their disasters to the incapacity of Paetus. He spoke with
much impressiveness, which in him, as a military man, was as good as eloquence.
27. He then pursued the route opened up in former days by Lucius Lucullus,
clearing away the obstructions of long years. Envoys who came to him from Tiridates
and Vologeses about peace, he did not repulse, but sent back with them some
centurions with a message anything but harsh. “Matters,” he said, “have not
yet gone so far as to require the extremity of war. Many successes have fallen
to the lot of Rome, some to that of Parthia, as a warning against pride. Therefore,
it is to the advantage of Tiridates to accept as a gift a kingdom yet unhurt
by the ravages of war, and Vologeses will better consult the welfare of the
Parthian people by an alliance with Rome than by mutual injuries. I know how
much there is of internal discord, and over what untamably fierce tribes he
reigns. My emperor, on the other hand, has undisturbed peace all around him,
and this is his only war.” In an instant Corbulo backed up his advice by a menacing
attitude. He drove from their possessions the nobles of Armenia, who had been
the first to revolt from us, destroyed their fortresses, and spread equal panic
throughout the plain and the hill country, among the strong and among the weak.
28. Against the name of Corbulo no rage, nothing of the hatred of an enemy,
was felt by the barbarians, and they therefore thought his advice trustworthy.
Consequently Vologeses was not implacable to the uttermost, and he even asked
a truce for some divisions of his kingdom. Tiridates demanded a place and a
day for an interview. The time was to be soon, the place that in which Paetus
and his legions had been lately besieged, for this was chosen by the barbarians
in remembrance for their more prosperous fortune. Corbulo did not refuse, resolved
that a widely different issue should enhance his renown. Nor did the disgrace
of Paetus trouble him, as was clearly proved by the fact that he commanded Paetus’
son, who was a tribune, to take some companies with him and cover up the relics
of that ill-starred battle-field. On the day appointed, Tiberius Alexander,
a distinguished Roman knight, sent to assist in the campaign, and Vinianus Annius,
Corbulo’s son-in-law, who, though not yet of a senator’s age, had the command
of the fifth legion as “legatus,” entered the camp of Tiridates, by way of compliment
to him, and to reassure him against treachery by so valuable a pledge. Each
then took with him twenty horsemen. The king, seeing Corbulo, was the first
to dismount, and Corbulo hesitated not a moment, but both on foot joined their
right hands.
29. Then the Roman commended the young prince for abandoning rash courses,
and adopting a safe and expedient policy. Tiridates first dwelt much on the
nobility of his race, but went on to speak in a tone of moderation. He would
go to Rome, and bring the emperor a new glory, a suppliant Arsacid, while Parthia
was prosperous. It was then agreed that Tiridates should lay down his royal
crown before Caesar’s image, and resume it only from the hand of Nero. The interview
then ended with a kiss. After an interval of a few days there was a grand display
on both sides; on the one, cavalry ranged in squadrons with their national ensigns;
on the other, stood the columns of our legions with glittering eagles and standards
and images of deities, after the appearance of a temple. In the midst, on a
tribunal, was a chair of state, and on the chair a statue of Nero. To this Tiridates
advanced, and having slain the customary victims, he removed the crown from
his head, and set it at the foot of the statue; whereupon all felt a deep thrill
of emotion, rendered the more intense by the sight which yet lingered before
their eyes, of the slaughter or siege of Roman armies. “But now,” they thought,
“the calamity is reversed; Tiridates is about to go, a spectacle to the world,
little better than a prisoner.”
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