The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb
[1864-1877]
Tacitus: Annals Book 4 [70]
70. The emperor in his letter on the first of January, after offering the usual
prayers for the new year, referred to Sabinus, whom he reproached with having
corrupted some of his freedmen and having attempted his life, and he claimed
vengeance in no obscure language. It was decreed without hesitation, and the
condemned man was dragged off, exclaiming as loudly as he could, with head covered
and throat tightly bound, “that this was inaugurating the year; these were the
victims slain to Sejanus.” Wherever he turned his eyes, wherever his words fell,
there was flight and solitude; the streets and public places were forsaken.
A few retraced their steps and again showed themselves, shuddering at the mere
fact that they had betrayed alarm. “What day,” they asked, “will be without
some execution, when amid sacrifices and prayers, a time when it is usual to
refrain even from a profane word, the chain and halter are introduced? Tiberius
has not incurred such odium blindly; this is a studied device to make us believe
that there is no reason why the new magistrates should not open the dungeons
as well as the temple and the altars.” Thereupon there came a letter of thanks
to them for having punished a bitter foe to the State, and the emperor further
added that he had an anxious life, that he apprehended treachery from enemies,
but he mentioned no one by name. Still there was no question that this was aimed
at Nero and Agrippina.
71. But for my plan of referring each event to its own year, I should feel
a strong impulse to anticipate matters and at once relate the deaths by which
Latinius and Opsius and the other authors of this atrocious deed perished, some
after Caius became emperor, some even while Tiberius yet ruled. For although
he would not have the instruments of his wickedness destroyed by others, he
frequently, when he was tired of them, and fresh ones offered themselves for
the same services, flung off the old, now become a mere incubus. But these and
other punishments of guilty men I shall describe in due course. Asinius Gallus,
to whose children Agrippina was aunt, then moved that the emperor should be
requested to disclose his apprehensions to the Senate and allow their removal.
Of all his virtues, as he counted them, there was none on which Tiberius so
prided himself as his ability to dissemble, and he was therefore the more irritated
at an attempt to expose what he was hiding. Sejanus however pacified him, not
out of love for Gallus, but rather to wait the result of the emperor’s wavering
mood, knowing, as he did, that, though slow in forming his purpose, yet having
once broken through his reserve, he would follow up harsh words with terrible
deeds. About the same time Julia died, the granddaughter of Augustus. He had
condemned her on a conviction of adultery and had banished her to the island
of Trimerus, not far from the shores of Apulia. There she endured a twenty years’
exile, in which she was supported by relief from Augusta, who having overthrown
the prosperity of her step-children by secret machinations, made open display
of her compassion to the fallen family.
72. That same year the Frisii, a nation beyond the Rhine, cast off peace,
more because of our rapacity than from their impatience of subjection. Drusus
had imposed on them a moderate tribute, suitable to their limited resources,
the furnishing of ox hides for military purposes. No one ever severely scrutinized
the size or thickness till Olennius, a first-rank centurion, appointed to govern
the Frisii, selected hides of wild bulls as the standard according to which
they were to be supplied. This would have been hard for any nation, and it was
the less tolerable to the Germans, whose forests abound in huge beasts, while
their home cattle are undersized. First it was their herds, next their lands,
last, the persons of their wives and children, which they gave up to bondage.
Then came angry remonstrances, and when they received no relief, they sought
a remedy in war. The soldiers appointed to collect the tribute were seized and
gibbeted. Olennius anticipated their fury by flight, and found refuge in a fortress,
named Flevum, where a by no means contemptible force of Romans and allies kept
guard over the shores of the ocean.
73. As soon as this was known to Lucius Apronius, propraetor of Lower Germany,
he summoned from the Upper province the legionary veterans, as well as some
picked auxiliary infantry and cavalry. Instantly conveying both armies down
the Rhine, he threw them on the Frisii, raising at once the siege of the fortress
and dispersing the rebels in defence of their own possessions. Next, he began
constructing solid roads and bridges over the neighbouring estuaries for the
passage of his heavy troops, and meanwhile having found a ford, he ordered the
cavalry of the Canninefates, with all the German infantry which served with
us, to take the enemy in the rear. Already in battle array, they were beating
back our auxiliary horse as well as that of the legions sent to support them,
when three light cohorts, then two more, and after a while the entire cavalry
were sent to the attack. They were strong enough, had they charged altogether,
but coming up, as they did, at intervals, they did not give fresh courage to
the repulsed troops and were themselves carried away in the panic of the fugitives.
Apronius entrusted the rest of the auxiliaries to Cethegus Labeo, the commander
of the fifth legion, but he too, finding his men’s position critical and being
in extreme peril, sent messages imploring the whole strength of the legions.
The soldiers of the fifth sprang forward, drove back the enemy in a fierce encounter,
and saved our cohorts and cavalry, who were exhausted by their wounds. But the
Roman general did not attempt vengeance or even bury the dead, although many
tribunes, prefects, and first-rank centurions had fallen. Soon afterwards it
was ascertained from deserters that nine hundred Romans had been cut to pieces
in a wood called Braduhenna’s, after prolonging the fight to the next day, and
that another body of four hundred, which had taken possession of the house of
one Cruptorix, once a soldier in our pay, fearing betrayal, had perished by
mutual slaughter.
74. The Frisian name thus became famous in Germany, and Tiberius kept our
losses a secret, not wishing to entrust any one with the war. Nor did the Senate
care whether dishonour fell on the extreme frontiers of the empire. Fear at
home had filled their hearts, and for this they sought relief in sycophancy.
And so, although their advice was asked on totally different subjects, they
decreed an altar to Clemency, an altar to Friendship, and statues round them
to Caesar and Sejanus, both of whom they earnestly begged with repeated entreaties
to allow themselves to be seen in public. Still, neither of them would visit
Rome or even the neighbourhood of Rome; they thought it enough to quit the island
and show themselves on the opposite shores of Campania. Senators, knights, a
number of the city populace flocked thither, anxiously looking to Sejanus, approach
to whom was particularly difficult and was consequently sought by intrigue and
by complicity in his counsels. It was sufficiently clear that his arrogance
was increased by gazing on this foul and openly displayed servility. At Rome
indeed hurrying crowds are a familiar sight, from the extent of the city no
one knows on what business each citizen is bent; but there, as they lounged
in promiscuous crowds in the fields or on the shore, they had to bear day and
night alike the patronising smiles and the supercilious insolence of hall-porters,
till even this was forbidden them, and those whom Sejanus had not deigned to
accost or to look on, returned to the capital in alarm, while some felt an evil
joy, though there hung over them the dreadful doom of that ill-starred friendship.
75. Tiberius meanwhile having himself in person bestowed the hand of his
granddaughter Agrippina, Germanicus’s daughter, on Cneius Domitius, directed
the marriage to be celebrated at Rome. In selecting Domitius he looked not only
to his ancient lineage, but also to his alliance with the blood of the Caesars,
for he could point to Octavia as his grandmother and through her to Augustus
as his great-uncle.
Leave A Comment