The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb
[1864-1877]
Tacitus: Annals Book 3 [1]
A.D. 20-22
1. WITHOUT pausing in her winter voyage Agrippina arrived at the island of Corcyra,
facing the shores of Calabria. There she spent a few days to compose her mind,
for she was wild with grief and knew not how to endure. Meanwhile on hearing
of her arrival, all her intimate friends and several officers, every one indeed
who had served under Germanicus, many strangers too from the neighbouring towns,
some thinking it respectful to the emperor, and still more following their example,
thronged eagerly to Brundisium, the nearest and safest landing place for a voyager.
As soon as the fleet was seen on the horizon, not only the harbour and the adjacent
shores, but the city walls too and the roofs and every place which commanded
the most distant prospect were filled with crowds of mourners, who incessantly
asked one another, whether, when she landed, they were to receive her in silence
or with some utterance of emotion. They were not agreed on what befitted the
occasion when the fleet slowly approached, its crew, not joyous as is usual,
but wearing all a studied expression of grief. When Agrippina descended from
the vessel with her two children, clasping the funeral urn, with eyes riveted
to the earth, there was one universal groan. You could not distinguish kinsfolk
from strangers, or the laments of men from those of women; only the attendants
of Agrippina, worn out as they were by long sorrow, were surpassed by the mourners
who now met them, fresh in their grief.
2. The emperor had despatched two praetorian cohorts with instructions that
the magistrates of Calabria, Apulia, and Campania were to pay the last honours
to his son’s memory. Accordingly tribunes and centurions bore Germanicus’s ashes
on their shoulders. They were preceded by the standards unadorned and the faces
reversed. As they passed colony after colony, the populace in black, the knights
in their state robes, burnt vestments and perfumes with other usual funeral
adjuncts, in proportion to the wealth of the place. Even those whose towns were
out of the route, met the mourners, offered victims and built altars to the
dead, testifying their grief by tears and wailings. Drusus went as far as Tarracina
with Claudius, brother of Germanicus, and had been at Rome. Marcus Valerius
and Caius Aurelius, the consuls, who had already entered on office, and a great
number of the people thronged the road in scattered groups, every one weeping
as he felt inclined. Flattery there was none, for all knew that Tiberius could
scarcely dissemble his joy at the death of Germanicus.
3. Tiberius Augusta refrained from showing themselves, thinking it below
their dignity to shed tears in public, or else fearing that, if all eyes scrutinised
their faces, their hypocrisy would be revealed. I do not find in any historian
or in the daily register that Antonia, Germanicus’s mother, rendered any conspicuous
honour to the deceased, though besides Agrippina, Drusus, and Claudius, all
his other kinsfolk are mentioned by name. She may either have been hindered
by illness, or with a spirit overpowered by grief she may not have had the heart
to endure the sight of so great an affliction. But I can more easily believe
that Tiberius and Augusta, who did not leave the palace, kept her within, that
their sorrow might seem equal to hers, and that the grandmother and uncle might
be thought to follow the mother’s example in staying at home.
4. The day on which the remains were consigned to the tomb of Augustus, was
now desolate in its silence, now distracted by lamentations. The streets of
the city were crowded; torches were blazing throughout the Campus Martius. There
the soldiers under arms, the magistrates without their symbols of office, the
people in the tribes, were all incessantly exclaiming that the commonwealth
was ruined, that not a hope remained, too boldly and openly to let one think
that they remembered their rulers. But nothing impressed Tiberius more deeply
than the enthusiasm kindled in favor of Agrippina, whom men spoke of as the
glory of the country, the sole surviving off spring of Augustus, the solitary
example of the old times, while looking up to heaven and the gods they prayed
for the safety of her children and that they might outlive their oppressors.
5. Some there were who missed the grandeur of a state-funeral, and contrasted
the splendid honours conferred by Augustus on Drusus, the father of Germanicus.
“Then the emperor himself,” they said, “went in the extreme rigour of winter
as far as Ticinum, and never leaving the corpse entered Rome with it. Round
the funeral bier were ranged the images of the Claudii and the Julii; there
was weeping in the forum, and a panegyric before the rostra; every honour devised
by our ancestors or invented by their descendants was heaped on him. But as
for Germanicus, even the customary distinctions due to any noble had not fallen
to his lot. Granting that his body, because of the distance of tie journey,
was burnt in any fashion in foreign lands, still all the more honours ought
to have been afterwards paid him, because at first chance had denied them. His
brother had gone but one day’s journey to meet him; his uncle, not even to the
city gates. Where were all those usages of the past, the image at the head of
the bier, the lays composed in commemoration of worth, the eulogies and laments,
or at least the semblance of grief?”
6. All this was known to Tiberius, and, to silence popular talk, he reminded
the people in a proclamation that many eminent Romans had died for their country
and that none had been honoured with such passionate regret. This regret was
a glory both to himself and to all, provided only a due mean were observed;
for what was becoming in humble homes and communities, did not befit princely
personages and an imperial people. Tears and the solace found in mourning were
suitable enough for the first burst of grief; but now they must brace their
hearts to endurance, as in former days the Divine Julius after the loss of his
only daughter, and the Divine Augustus when he was bereft of his grandchildren,
had thrust away their sorrow. There was no need of examples from the past, showing
how often the Roman people had patiently endured the defeats of armies, the
destruction of generals, the total extinction of noble families. Princes were
mortal; the State was everlasting. Let them then return to their usual pursuits,
and, as the shows of the festival of the Great Goddess were at hand, even resume
their amusements.
7. The suspension of business then ceased, and men went back to their occupations.
Drusus was sent to the armies of Illyricum, amidst an universal eagerness to
exact vengeance on Piso, and ceaseless complaints that he was meantime roaming
through the delightful regions of Asia and Achaia, and was weakening the proofs
of his guilt by an insolent and artful procrastination. It was indeed widely
rumoured that the notorius poisoner Martina, who, as I have related, had been
despatched to Rome by Cneius Sentius, had died suddenly at Brundisium; that
poison was concealed in a knot of her hair, and that no symptoms of suicide
were discovered on her person.
8. Piso meanwhile sent his son on to Rome with a message intended to pacify
the emporer, and then made his way to Drusus, who would, he hoped, be not so
much infuriated at his brother’s death as kindly disposed towards himself in
consequence of a rival’s removal. Tiberius, to show his impartiality, received
the youth courteously, and enriched him with the liberality he usually bestowed
on the sons of noble families. Drusus replied to Piso that if certain insinuations
were true, he must be foremost in his resentment, but he preferred to believe
that they were false and groundless, and that Germanicus’s death need be the
ruin of no one. This he said openly, avoiding anything like secrecy. Men did
not doubt that his answer prescribed him by Tiberius, inasmuch as one who had
generally all the simplicity and candour of youth, now had recourse to the artifices
of old age.
9. Piso, after crossing the Dalmatian sea and leaving his ships at Ancona,
went through Picenum and along the Flaminian road, where he overtook a legion
which was marching from Pannonia to Rome and was then to garrison Africa. It
was a matter of common talk how he had repeatedly displayed himself to the soldiers
on the road during the march. From Narnia, to avoid suspicion or because the
plans of fear are uncertain, he sailed down the Nar, then down the Tiber, and
increased the fury of the populace by bringing his vessel to shore at the tomb
of the Caesars. In broad daylight, when the river-bank was thronged, he himself
with a numerous following of dependents, and Plancina with a retinue of women,
moved onward with joy in their countenances. Among other things which provoked
men’s anger was his house towering above the forum, gay with festal decorations,
his banquets and his feasts, about which there was no secrecy, because the place
was so public.
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