The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb
[1864-1877]
Tacitus: Annals Book 6 [10]
10. Even women were not exempt from danger. Where they could not be accused
of grasping at political power, their tears were made a crime. Vitia, an aged
woman, mother of Fufius Geminus, was executed for bewailing the death of her
son. Such were the proceedings in the Senate. It was the same with the emperor.
Vescularius Atticus and Julius Marinus were hurried off to execution, two of
his oldest friends, men who had followed him to Rhodes and been his inseparable
companions at Capreae. Vescularius was his agent in the plot against Libo, and
it was with the co-operation of Marinus that Sejanus had ruined Curtius Atticus.
Hence there was all the more joy at the recoil of these precedents on their
authors. About the same time Lucius Piso, the pontiff, died a natural death,
a rare incident in so high a rank. Never had he by choice proposed a servile
motion, and, whenever necessity was too strong for him, he would suggest judicious
compromises. His father, as I have related, had been a censor. He lived to the
advanced age of eighty, and had won in Thrace the honour of a triumph. But his
chief glory rested on the wonderful tact with which as city-prefect he handled
an authority, recently made perpetual and all the more galling to men unaccustomed
to obey it.
11. In former days, when the kings and subsequently the chief magistrates
went from Rome, an official was temporarily chosen to administer justice and
provide for emergencies, so that the capital might not be left without government.
It is said that Denter Romulius was appointed by Romulus, then Numa Marcius
by Tullus Hostilius, and Spurius Lucretius by Tarquinius Superbus. Afterwards,
the consuls made the appointment. The shadow of the old practice still survives,
whenever in consequence of the Latin festival some one is deputed to exercise
the consul’s functions. And Augustus too during the civil wars gave Cilnius
Maecenas, a Roman knight, charge of everything in Rome and Italy. When he rose
to supreme power, in consideration of the magnitude of the State and the slowness
of legal remedies, he selected one of the exconsuls to overawe the slaves and
that part of the population which, unless it fears a strong hand, is disorderly
and reckless. Messala Corvinus was the first to obtain the office, which he
lost within a few days, as not knowing how to discharge it. After him Taurus
Statilius, though in advanced years, sustained it admirably; and then Piso,
after twenty years of similar credit, was, by the Senate’s decree, honoured
with a public funeral.
12. A motion was next brought forward in the Senate by Quintilianus, a tribune
of the people, respecting an alleged book of the Sibyl. Caninius Gallus, a book
of the College of the Fifteen, had asked that it might be received among the
other volumes of the same prophetess by a decree on the subject. This having
been carried by a division, the emperor sent a letter in which he gently censured
the tribune, as ignorant of ancient usage because of his youth. Gallus he scolded
for having introduced the matter in a thin Senate, notwithstanding his long
experience in the science of religious ceremonies, without taking the opinion
of the College or having the verses read and criticised, as was usual, by its
presidents, though their authenticity was very doubtful. He also reminded him
that, as many spurious productions were current under a celebrated name, Augustus
had prescribed a day within which they should be deposited with the city-praetor,
and after which it should not be lawful for any private person to hold them.
The same regulations too had been made by our ancestors after the burning of
the Capitol in the social war, when there was a search throughout Samos, Ilium,
Erythrae, and even in Africa, Sicily and the Italian colonies for the verses
of the Sibyl (whether there were but one or more) and the priests were charged
with the business of distinguishing, as far as they could by human means, what
were genuine. Accordingly the book in question was now also submitted to the
scrutiny of the College of the Fifteen.
13. During the same consulship a high price of corn almost brought on an
insurrection. For several days there were many clamorous demands made in the
theatre with an unusual freedom of language towards the emperor. This provoked
him to censure the magistrates and the Senate for not having used the authority
of the State to put down the people. He named too the corn-supplying provinces,
and dwelt on the far larger amount of grain imported by himself than by Augustus.
So the Senate drew up a decree in the severe spirit of antiquity, and the consuls
issued a not less stringent proclamation. The emperor’s silence was not, as
he had hoped, taken as a proof of patriotism, but of pride.
14. At the year’s close Geminius, Celsus and Pompeius, Roman knights, fell
beneath a charge of conspiracy. Of these Caius Geminius, by lavish expenditure
and a luxurious life, had been a friend of Sejanus, but with no serious result.
Julius Celsus, a tribune, while in confinement, loosened his chain, and having
twisted it around him, broke his neck by throwing himself in an opposite direction.
Rubrius Fabatus was put under surveillance, on a suspicion that, in despair
of the fortunes of Rome, he meant to throw himself on the mercy of the Parthians.
He was, at any rate, found near the Straits of the Sicily, and, when dragged
back by a centurion, he assigned no adequate reason for his long journey. Still,
he lived on in safety, thanks to forgetfulness rather than to mercy.
15. In the consulship of Servius Galba and Lucius Sulla, the emperor, after
having long considered whom he was to choose to be husbands for his granddaughters,
now that the maidens were of marriageable age, selected Lucius Cassius and Marcus
Vinicius. Vinicius was of provincial descent; he was born at Cales, his father
and grandfather having been consuls, and his family, on the other side, being
of the rank of knights. He was a man of amiable temper and of cultivated eloquence.
Cassius was of an ancient and honourable, though plebeian house, at Rome. Though
he was brought up by his father under a severe training, he won esteem more
frequently by his good-nature than by his diligence. To him and to Vinicius
the emperor married respectively Drusilla and Julia, Germanicus’s daughters,
and addressed a letter on the subject to the Senate, with a slightly complimentary
mention of the young men. He next assigned some very vague reasons for his absence,
then passed to more important matters, the ill-will against him originating
in his state policy, and requested that Macro, who commanded the praetorians,
with a few tribunes and centurions, might accompany him whenever he entered
the Senate-house. But though a decree was voted by the Senate on a liberal scale
and without any restrictions as to rank or numbers, he never so much as went
near the walls of Rome, much less the State-council, for he would often go round
and avoid his native city by circuitous routes.
16. Meanwhile a powerful host of accusers fell with sudden fury on the class
which systematically increased its wealth by usury in defiance of a law passed
by Caesar the Dictator defining the terms of lending money and of holding estates
in Italy, a law long obsolete because the public good is sacrificed to private
interest. The curse of usury was indeed of old standing in Rome and a most frequent
cause of sedition and discord, and it was therefore repressed even in the early
days of a less corrupt morality. First, the Twelve Tables prohibited any one
from exacting more than 10 per cent., when, previously, the rate had depended
on the caprice of the wealthy. Subsequently, by a bill brought in by the tribunes,
interest was reduced to half that amount, and finally compound interest was
wholly forbidden. A check too was put by several enactments of the people on
evasions which, though continually put down, still, through strange artifices,
reappeared. On this occasion, however, Gracchus, the praetor, to whose jurisdiction
the inquiry had fallen, felt himself compelled by the number of persons endangered
to refer the matter to the Senate. In their dismay the senators, not one of
whom was free from similar guilt, threw themselves on the emperor’s indulgence.
He yielded, and a year and six months were granted, within which every one was
to settle his private accounts conformably to the requirements of the law.
17. Hence followed a scarcity of money, a great shock being given to all
credit, the current coin too, in consequence of the conviction of so many persons
and the sale of their property, being locked up in the imperial treasury or
the public exchequer. To meet this, the Senate had directed that every creditor
should have two-thirds his capital secured on estates in Italy. Creditors however
were suing for payment in full, and it was not respectable for persons when
sued to break faith. So, at first, there were clamorous meetings and importunate
entreaties; then noisy applications to the praetor’s court. And the very device
intended as a remedy, the sale and purchase of estates, proved the contrary,
as the usurers had hoarded up all their money for buying land. The facilities
for selling were followed by a fall of prices, and the deeper a man was in debt,
the more reluctantly did he part with his property, and many were utterly ruined.
The destruction of private wealth precipitated the fall of rank and reputation,
till at last the emperor interposed his aid by distributing throughout the banks
a hundred million sesterces, and allowing freedom to borrow without interest
for three years, provided the borrower gave security to the State in land to
double the amount. Credit was thus restored, and gradually private lenders were
found. The purchase too of estates was not carried out according to the letter
of the Senate’s decree, rigour at the outset, as usual with such matters, becoming
negligence in the end.
18. Former alarms then returned, as there was a charge of treason against
Considius Proculus. While he was celebrating his birthday without a fear, he
was hurried before the Senate, condemned and instantly put to death. His sister
Sancia was outlawed, on the accusation of Quintus Pomponius, a restless spirit,
who pretended that he employed himself in this and like practices to win favour
with the sovereign, and thereby alleviate the perils hanging over his brother
Pomponius Secundus. Pompeia Macrina too was sentenced to banishment. Her husband
Argolicus and her father-in-law Laco, leading men of Achaia, had been ruined
by the emperor. Her father likewise, an illustrious Roman knight, and her brother,
an ex-praetor, seeing their doom was near, destroyed themselves. It was imputed
to them as a crime that their great-grandfather Theophanes of Mitylene had been
one of the intimate friends of Pompey the Great, and that after his death Greek
flattery had paid him divine honours.
19. Sextus Marius, the richest man in Spain, was next accused of incest with
his daughter, and thrown headlong from the Tarpeian rock. To remove any doubt
that the vastness of his wealth had proved the man’s ruin, Tiberius kept his
gold-mines for himself, though they were forfeited to the State. Executions
were now a stimulus to his fury, and he ordered the death of all who were lying
in prison under accusation of complicity with Sejanus. There lay, singly or
in heaps, the unnumbered dead, of every age and sex, the illustrious with the
obscure. Kinsfolk and friends were not allowed to be near them, to weep over
them, or even to gaze on them too long. Spies were set round them, who noted
the sorrow of each mourner and followed the rotting corpses, till they were
dragged to the Tiber, where, floating or driven on the bank, no one dared to
burn or to touch them. The force of terror had utterly extinguished the sense
of human fellowship, and, with the growth of cruelty, pity was thrust aside.
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