The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb
[1864-1877]
Tacitus: Annals Book 12 [30]
30. But the Iazyges, who could not endure a siege, dispersed themselves throughout
the surrounding country and rendered an engagement inevitable, as the Ligii
and Hermunduri had there rushed to the attack. So Vannius came down out of his
fortresses, and though he was defeated in battle, notwithstanding his reverse,
he won some credit by having fought with his own hand, and received wounds on
his breast. He then fled to the fleet which was awaiting him on the Danube,
and was soon followed by his adherents, who received grants of land and were
settled in Pannonia. Vangio and Sido divided his kingdom between them; they
were admirably loyal to us, and among their subjects, whether the cause was
in themselves or in the nature of despotism, much loved, while seeking to acquire
power, and yet more hated when they had acquired it.
31. Meanwhile, in Britain, Publius Ostorius, the propraetor, found himself
confronted by disturbance. The enemy had burst into the territories of our allies
with all the more fury, as they imagined that a new general would not march
against them with winter beginning and with an army of which he knew nothing.
Ostorius, well aware that first events are those which produce alarm or confidence,
by a rapid movement of his light cohorts, cut down all who opposed him, pursued
those who fled, and lest they should rally, and so an unquiet and treacherous
peace might allow no rest to the general and his troops, he prepared to disarm
all whom he suspected, and to occupy with encampments the whole country to the
Avon and Severn. The Iceni, a powerful tribe, which war had not weakened, as
they had voluntarily joined our alliance, were the first to resist. At their
instigation the surrounding nations chose as a battlefield a spot walled in
by a rude barrier, with a narrow approach, impenetrable to cavalry. Through
these defences the Roman general, though he had with him only the allied troops,
without the strength of the legions, attempted to break, and having assigned
their positions to his cohorts, he equipped even his cavalry for the work of
infantry. Then at a given signal they forced the barrier, routing the enemy
who were entangled in their own defences. The rebels, conscious of their guilt,
and finding escape barred, performed many noble feats. In this battle, Marius
Ostorius, the general’s son, won the reward for saving a citizen’s life.
32. The defeat of the Iceni quieted those who were hesitating between war
and peace. Then the army was marched against the Cangi; their territory was
ravaged, spoil taken everywhere without the enemy venturing on an engagement,
or if they attempted to harass our march by stealthy attacks, their cunning
was always punished. And now Ostorius had advanced within a little distance
of the sea, facing the island Hibernia, when feuds broke out among the Brigantes
and compelled the general’s return, for it was his fixed purpose not to undertake
any fresh enterprise till he had consolidated his previous successes. The Brigantes
indeed, when a few who were beginning hostilities had been slain and the rest
pardoned, settled down quietly; but on the Silures neither terror nor mercy
had the least effect; they persisted in war and could be quelled only by legions
encamped in their country. That this might be the more promptly effected, a
colony of a strong body of veterans was established at Camulodunum on the conquered
lands, as a defence against the rebels, and as a means of imbuing the allies
with respect for our laws.
33. The army then marched against the Silures, a naturally fierce people
and now full of confidence in the might of Caractacus, who by many an indecisive
and many a successful battle had raised himself far above all the other generals
of the Britons. Inferior in military strength, but deriving an advantage from
the deceptiveness of the country, he at once shifted the war by a stratagem
into the territory of the Ordovices, where, joined by all who dreaded peace
with us, he resolved on a final struggle. He selected a position for the engagement
in which advance and retreat alike would be difficult for our men and comparatively
easy for his own, and then on some lofty hills, wherever their sides could be
approached by a gentle slope, he piled up stones to serve as a rampart. A river
too of varying depth was in his front, and his armed bands were drawn up before
his defences.
34. Then too the chieftains of the several tribes went from rank to rank,
encouraging and confirming the spirit of their men by making light of their
fears, kindling their hopes, and by every other warlike incitement. As for Caractacus,
he flew hither and thither, protesting that that day and that battle would be
the beginning of the recovery of their freedom, or of everlasting bondage. He
appealed, by name, to their forefathers who had driven back the dictator Caesar,
by whose valour they were free from the Roman axe and tribute, and still preserved
inviolate the persons of their wives and of their children. While he was thus
speaking, the host shouted applause; every warrior bound himself by his national
oath not to shrink from weapons or wounds.
35. Such enthusiasm confounded the Roman general. The river too in his face,
the rampart they had added to it, the frowning hilltops, the stern resistance
and masses of fighting men everywhere apparent, daunted him. But his soldiers
insisted on battle, exclaiming that valour could overcome all things; and the
prefects and tribunes, with similar language, stimulated the ardour of the troops.
Ostorius having ascertained by a survey the inaccessible and the assailable
points of the position, led on his furious men, and crossed the river without
difficulty. When he reached the barrier, as long as it was a fight with missiles,
the wounds and the slaughter fell chiefly on our soldiers; but when he had formed
the military testudo, and the rude, ill-compacted fence of stones was torn down,
and it was an equal hand-to-hand engagement, the barbarians retired to the heights.
Yet even there, both light and heavy-armed soldiers rushed to the attack; the
first harassed the foe with missiles, while the latter closed with them, and
the opposing ranks of the Britons were broken, destitute as they were of the
defence of breast-plates or helmets. When they faced the auxiliaries, they were
felled by the swords and javelins of our legionaries; if they wheeled round,
they were again met by the sabres and spears of the auxiliaries. It was a glorious
victory; the wife and daughter of Caractacus were captured, and his brothers
too were admitted to surrender.
36. There is seldom safety for the unfortunate, and Caractacus, seeking the
protection of Cartismandua, queen of the Brigantes, was put in chains and delivered
up to the conquerors, nine years after the beginning of the war in Britain.
His fame had spread thence, and travelled to the neighbouring islands and provinces,
and was actually celebrated in Italy. All were eager to see the great man, who
for so many years had defied our power. Even at Rome the name of Caractacus
was no obscure one; and the emperor, while he exalted his own glory, enhanced
the renown of the vanquished. The people were summoned as to a grand spectacle;
the praetorian cohorts were drawn up under arms in the plain in front of their
camp; then came a procession of the royal vassals, and the ornaments and neck-chains
and the spoils which the king had won in wars with other tribes, were displayed.
Next were to be seen his brothers, his wife and daughter; last of all, Caractacus
himself. All the rest stooped in their fear to abject supplication; not so the
king, who neither by humble look nor speech sought compassion.
37. When he was set before the emperor’s tribunal, he spoke as follows: “Had
my moderation in prosperity been equal to my noble birth and fortune, I should
have entered this city as your friend rather than as your captive; and you would
not have disdained to receive, under a treaty of peace, a king descended from
illustrious ancestors and ruling many nations. My present lot is as glorious
to you as it is degrading to myself. I had men and horses, arms and wealth.
What wonder if I parted with them reluctantly? If you Romans choose to lord
it over the world, does it follow that the world is to accept slavery? Were
I to have been at once delivered up as a prisoner, neither my fall nor your
triumph would have become famous. My punishment would be followed by oblivion,
whereas, if you save my life, I shall be an everlasting memorial of your clemency.”
Upon this the emperor granted pardon to Caractacus, to his wife, and to his
brothers. Released from their bonds, they did homage also to Agrippina who sat
near, conspicuous on another throne, in the same language of praise and gratitude.
It was indeed a novelty, quite alien to ancient manners, for a woman to sit
in front of Roman standards. In fact, Agrippina boasted that she was herself
a partner in the empire which her ancestors had won.
38. The Senate was then assembled, and speeches were delivered full of pompous
eulogy on the capture of Caractacus. It was as glorious, they said, as the display
of Syphax by Scipio, or of Perses by Lucius Paulus, or indeed of any captive
prince by any of our generals to the people of Rome. Triumphal distinctions
were voted to Ostorius, who thus far had been successful, but soon afterwards
met with reverses; either because, when Caractacus was out of the way, our discipline
was relaxed under an impression that the war was ended, or because the enemy,
out of compassion for so great a king, was more ardent in his thirst for vengeance.
Instantly they rushed from all parts on the camp-prefect, and legionary cohorts
left to establish fortified positions among the Silures, and had not speedy
succour arrived from towns and fortresses in the neighbourhood, our forces would
then have been totally destroyed. Even as it was, the camp-prefect, with eight
centurions, and the bravest of the soldiers, were slain; and shortly afterwards,
a foraging party of our men, with some cavalry squadrons sent to their support,
was utterly routed.
39. Ostorius then deployed his light cohorts, but even thus he did not stop
the flight, till our legions sustained the brunt of the battle. Their strength
equalized the conflict, which after a while was in our favour. The enemy fled
with trifling loss, as the day was on the decline. Now began a series of skirmishes,
for the most part like raids, in woods and morasses, with encounters due to
chance or to courage, to mere heedlessness or to calculation, to fury or to
lust of plunder, under directions from the officers, or sometimes even without
their knowledge. Conspicuous above all in stubborn resistance were the Silures,
whose rage was fired by words rumoured to have been spoken by the Roman general,
to the effect, that as the Sugambri had been formerly destroyed or transplanted
into Gaul, so the name of the Silures ought to be blotted out. Accordingly they
cut off two of our auxiliary cohorts, the rapacity of whose officers let them
make incautious forays; and by liberal gifts of spoil and prisoners to the other
tribes, they were luring them too into revolt, when Ostorius, worn out by the
burden of his anxieties, died, to the joy of the enemy, who thought that a campaign
at least, though not a single battle, had proved fatal to general whom none
could despise.
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