The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb
[1864-1877]
Tacitus: Annals Book 12 [50]
50. For Vologeses, thinking that an opportunity presented itself of invading
Armenia, which, though the possession of his ancestors, was now through a monstrous
crime held by a foreign prince, raised an army and prepared to establish Tiridates
on the throne, so that not a member of his house might be without kingly power.
On the advance of the Parthians, the Iberians dispersed without a battle, and
the Armenian cities, Artaxata and Tigranocerta, submitted to the yoke. Then
a frightful winter or deficient supplies, with pestilence arising from both
causes, forced Vologeses to abandon his present plans. Armenia was thus again
without a king, and was invaded by Rhadamistus, who was now fiercer than ever,
looking on the people as disloyal and sure to rebel on the first opportunity.
They however, though accustomed to be slaves, suddenly threw off their tameness
and gathered round the palace in arms.
51. Rhadamistus had no means of escape but in the swiftness of the horses
which bore him and his wife away. Pregnant as she was, she endured, somehow
or other, out of fear of the enemy and love of her husband, the first part of
the flight, but after a while, when she felt herself shaken by its continuous
speed, she implored to be rescued by an honourable death from the shame of captivity.
He at first embraced, cheered, and encouraged her, now admiring her heroism,
now filled with a sickening apprehension at the idea of her being left to any
man’s mercy. Finally, urged by the intensity of his love and familiarity with
dreadful deeds, he unsheathed his scymitar, and having stabbed her, dragged
her to the bank of the Araxes and committed her to the stream, so that her very
body might be swept away. Then in headlong flight he hurried to Iberia, his
ancestral kingdom. Zenobia meanwhile (this was her name), as she yet breathed
and showed signs of life on the calm water at the river’s edge, was perceived
by some shepherds, who inferring from her noble appearance that she was no base-born
woman, bound up her wound and applied to it their rustic remedies. As soon as
they knew her name and her adventure, they conveyed her to the city of Artaxata,
whence she was conducted at the public charge to Tiridates, who received her
kindly and treated her as a royal person.
52. In the consulship of Faustus Sulla and Salvius Otho, Furius Scribonianus
was banished on the ground that he was consulting the astrologers about the
emperor’s death. His mother, Junia, was included in the accusation, as one who
still resented the misfortune of exile which she had suffered in the past. His
father, Camillus, had raised an armed insurrection in Dalmatia, and the emperor
in again sparing a hostile family sought the credit of clemency. But the exile
did not live long after this; whether he was cut off by a natural death, or
by poison, was matter of conflicting rumours, according to people’s belief.
A decree of the Senate was then passed for the expulsion of the astrologers
from Italy, stringent but ineffectual. Next the emperor, in a speech, commended
all who, from their limited means, voluntarily retired from the Senatorian order,
while those were degraded from it who, by retaining their seats, added effrontery
to poverty.
53. During these proceedings he proposed to the Senate a penalty on women
who united themselves in marriage to slaves, and it was decided that those who
had thus demeaned themselves, without the knowledge of the slave’s master, should
be reduced to slavery; if with his consent, should be ranked as freedwomen.
To Pallas, who, as the emperor declared, was the author of this proposal, were
offered on the motion of Barea Soranus, consul-elect, the decorations of the
praetorship and fifteen million sesterces. Cornelius Scipio added that he deserved
public thanks for thinking less of his ancient nobility as a descendant from
the kings of Arcadia, than of the welfare of the State, and allowing himself
to be numbered among the emperor’s ministers. Claudius assured them that Pallas
was content with the honour, and that he limited himself to his former poverty.
A decree of the Senate was publicly inscribed on a bronze tablet, heaping the
praises of primitive frugality on a freedman, the possessor of three hundred
million sesterces.
54. Not equally moderate was his brother, surnamed Felix, who had for some
time been governor of Judaea, and thought that he could do any evil act with
impunity, backed up as he was by such power. It is true that the Jews had shown
symptoms of commotion in a seditious outbreak, and when they had heard of the
assassination of Caius, there was no hearty submission, as a fear still lingered
that any of the emperors might impose the same orders. Felix meanwhile, by ill-timed
remedies, stimulated disloyal acts; while he had, as a rival in the worst wickedness,
Ventidius Cumanus, who held a part of the province, which was so divided that
Galilea was governed by Cumanus, Samaria by Felix. The two peoples had long
been at feud, and now less than ever restrained their enmity, from contempt
of their rulers. And accordingly they plundered each other, letting loose bands
of robbers, forming ambuscades, and occasionally fighting battles, and carrying
the spoil and booty to the two procurators, who at first rejoiced at all this,
but, as the mischief grew, they interposed with an armed force, which was cut
to pieces. The flame of war would have spread through the province, but it was
saved by Quadratus, governor of Syria. In dealing with the Jews, who had been
daring enough to slay our soldiers, there was little hesitation about their
being capitally punished. Some delay indeed was occasioned by Cumanus and Felix;
for Claudius on hearing the causes of the rebellion had given authority for
deciding also the case of these procurators. Quadratus, however, exhibited Felix
as one of the judges, admitting him to the bench with the view of cowing the
ardour of the prosecutors. And so Cumanus was condemned for the crimes which
the two had committed, and tranquillity was restored to the province.
55. Not long afterwards some tribes of the wild population of Cilicia, known
as the Clitae, which had often been in commotion, established a camp, under
a leader Troxobor, on their rocky mountains, whence rushing down on the coast,
and on the towns, they dared to do violence to the farmers and townsfolk, frequently
even to the merchants and shipowners. They besieged the city Anemurium, and
routed some troopers sent from Syria to its rescue under the command of Curtius
Severus; for the rough country in the neighbourhood, suited as it is for the
fighting of infantry, did not allow of cavalry operations. After a time, Antiochus,
king of that coast, having broken the unity of the barbarian forces, by cajolery
of the people and treachery to their leader, slew Troxobor and a few chiefs,
and pacified the rest by gentle measures.
56. About the same time, the mountain between Lake Fucinus and the river
Liris was bored through, and that this grand work might be seen by a multitude
of visitors, preparations were made for a naval battle on the lake, just as
formerly Augustus exhibited such a spectacle, in a basin he had made this side
the Tiber, though with light vessels, and on a smaller scale. Claudius equipped
galleys with three and four banks of oars, and nineteen thousand men; he lined
the circumference of the lake with rafts, that there might be no means of escape
at various points, but he still left full space for the strength of the crews,
the skill of the pilots, the impact of the vessels, and the usual operations
of a seafight. On the raft stood companies of the praetorian cohorts and cavalry,
with a breastwork in front of them, from which catapults and balistas might
be worked. The rest of the lake was occupied by marines on decked vessels. An
immense multitude from the neighbouring towns, others from Rome itself, eager
to see the sight or to show respect to the emperor, crowded the banks, the hills,
and mountain tops, which thus resembled a theatre. The emperor, with Agrippina
seated near him, presided; he wore a splendid military cloak, she, a mantle
of cloth of gold. A battle was fought with all the courage of brave men, though
it was between condemned criminals. After much bloodshed they were released
from the necessity of mutual slaughter.
57. When the sight was over, the outlet of the water was opened. The careless
execution of the work was apparent, the tunnel not having been bored down so
low as the bottom, or middle of the lake. Consequently after an interval the
excavations were deepened, and to attract a crowd once more, a show of gladiators
was exhibited, with floating pontoons for an infantry engagement. A banquet
too was prepared close to the outflow of the lake, and it was the means of greatly
alarming the whole company, for the water, in the violence of its outburst,
swept away the adjoining parts, shook the more remote, and spread terror with
the tremendous crash. At the same time, Agrippina availed herself of the emperor’s
fright to charge Narcissus, who had been the agent of the work, with avarice
and peculation. He too was not silent, but inveighed against the domineering
temper of her sex, and her extravagant ambition.
58. In the consulship of Didius Junius and Quintus Haterius, Nero, now sixteen
years of age, married Octavia, the emperor’s daughter. Anxious to distinguish
himself by noble pursuits, and the reputation of an orator, he advocated the
cause of the people of Ilium, and having eloquently recounted how Rome was the
offspring of Troy, and Aeneas the founder of the Julian line, with other old
traditions akin to myths, he gained for his clients exemption from all public
burdens. His pleading too procured for the colony of Bononia, which had been
ruined by a fire, a subvention of ten million sesterces. The Rhodians also had
their freedom restored to them, which had often been taken away, or confirmed,
according to their services to us in our foreign wars, or their seditious misdeeds
at home. Apamea, too, which had been shaken by an earthquake, had its tribute
remitted for five years.
59. Claudius, on the other hand, was being prompted to exhibit the worst
cruelty by the artifices of the same Agrippina. On the accusation of Tarquitius
Priscus, she ruined Statilius Taurus, who was famous for his wealth, and at
whose gardens she cast a greedy eye. Priscus had served under Taurus in his
proconsular government of Africa, and after their return charged him with a
few acts of extortion, but particularly with magical and superstitious practices.
Taurus, no longer able to endure a false accusation and an undeserved humiliation,
put a violent end to his life before the Senate’s decision was pronounced. Tarquitius
was however expelled from the Senate, a point which the senators carried, out
of hatred for the accuser, notwithstanding the intrigues of Agrippina.
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