The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb
[1864-1877]
Tacitus: History Book 2 [1]
1. IN A distant part of the world fortune was now preparing the origin and rise
of a new dynasty, whose varied destinies brought happiness or misery on the
State, prosperity or destruction on the Princes of its line. Titus Vespasian
had been sent from Judaea by his father while Galba still lived, and alleged
as a reason for his journey the homage due to the Emperor, and his age, which
now qualified him to compete for office. But the vulgar, ever eager to invent,
had spread the report that he was sent for to be adopted. The advanced years
and childless condition of the Emperor furnished matter for such gossip, and
the country never can refrain from naming many persons until one be chosen.
The report gained the more credit from the genius of Titus himself, equal as
it was to the most exalted fortune, from the mingled beauty and majesty of his
countenance, from the prosperous fortunes of Vespasian, from the prophetic responses
of oracles, and even from accidental occurrences which, in the general disposition
to belief, were accepted as omens. At Corinth, the capital of Achaia, he received
positive information of the death of Galba, and found men who spoke confidently
of the revolt of Vitellius and of the fact of war. In the anxiety of his mind,
he sent a few of his friends, and carefully surveyed his position from both
points of view. He considered that if he should proceed to Rome, he should get
no thanks for a civility intended for another, while his person would be a hostage
in the hands either of Vitellius or of Otho; that should he turn back, the conqueror
would certainly be offended, but with the issue of the struggle still doubtful,
and the father joining the party, the son would be excused; on the other hand,
if Vespasian should assume the direction of the state, men who had to think
of war would have to forget such causes of offence.
2. These and like thoughts made him waver between hope and fear; but hope
triumphed. Some supposed that he retraced his steps for love of Queen Berenice,
nor was his young heart averse to her charms, but this affection occasioned
no hindrance to action. He passed, it is true, a youth enlivened by pleasure,
and practised more self-restraint in his own than in his father’s reign. So,
after coasting Achaia and Asia, leaving the land on his left, he made for the
islands of Rhodes and Cyprus, and then by a bolder course for Syria. Here he
conceived a desire to visit and inspect the temple of the Paphian Venus, place
of celebrity both among natives and foreigners. It will not be a tedious digression
to record briefly the origin of the worship, the ceremonial of the temple, and
the form under which the goddess is adored, a form found in no other place.
3. The founder of the temple, according to old tradition, was king Aerias,
though some represent this as the name of the goddess herself. Later accounts
tell us that the temple was consecrated by Cinyras, and that the goddess herself
after her birth from the sea was wafted to this spot, but that the wisdom and
craft of the diviners was a foreign importation introduced by Tamiras of Cilicia;
and that it was agreed that the descendants of both families should preside
over the worship. Afterwards, that the royal family might not be without some
superiority over the foreign stock, the strangers relinquished the craft which
they had themselves introduced. The priest of the line of Cinyras is alone consulted.
The victims are such as each worshipper has vowed, but males are selected; the
surest prognostics are seen in the entrails of kids. It is forbidden to pour
blood on the altar; the place of sacrifice is served only with prayers and pure
flame, and though it stands in the open air, it is never wet with rain. The
image of the goddess does not bear the human shape; it is a rounded mass rising
like a cone from a broad base to a small circumference. The meaning of this
is doubtful.
4. Titus, after surveying the treasures, the royal presents, and the other
objects which the antiquarian tendencies of the Greek arbitrarily connect with
some uncertain past, first consulted the oracle about his voyage. Receiving
an answer that the way was open and the sea propitious, he then, after sacrificing
a number of victims, asked some questions in ambiguous phrase concerning himself.
Sostratus (that was the name of the priest) seeing that the entrails presented
an uniformly favourable appearance, and that the goddess signified her favour
to some great enterprise, returned at the moment a brief and ordinary answer,
but afterwards soliciting a private interview, disclosed the future. His spirits
raised, Titus rejoined his father, and was received as a mighty pledge of success
by the wavering minds of the provincials and the troops. Vespasian had all but
completed the Jewish war, and only the siege of Jerusalem now remained, an operation,
the difficulty and arduousness of which was due, rather to the character of
its mountain citadel and the perverse obstinacy of the national superstition,
than to any sufficient means of enduring extremities left to the besieged. As
we have mentioned above, Vespasian himself had three legions inured to war.
Mucianus had four under his command in his peaceful province. Emulation, however,
and the glory won by the neighbouring army had banished all tendency to sloth,
and unbroken rest and exemption from the hardships of war had given them a vigour
equivalent to the hardihood which the others had gained by their perils and
their toils. Each had auxiliary forces of infantry and cavalry, each had fleets
and tributary kings, and each, though their renown was of a different kind,
had a celebrated name.
5. Vespasian was an energetic soldier; he could march at the head of his
army, choose the place for his camp, and bring by night and day his skill, or,
if the occasion required, his personal courage to oppose the foe. His food was
such as chance offered; his dress and appearance hardly distinguished him from
the common soldier; in short, but for his avarice, he was equal to the generals
of old. Mucianus, on the contrary, was eminent for his magnificence, for his
wealth, and for a greatness that transcended in all respects the condition of
a subject; readier of speech than the other, he thoroughly understood the arrangement
and direction of civil business. It would have been a rare combination of princely
qualities, if, with their respective faults removed, their virtues only could
have been united in one man. Mucianus was governor of Syria, Vespasian of Judaea.
In the administration of these neighbouring provinces jealousy had produced
discord between them, but on Nero’s fall they had dropped their animosities
and associated their counsels. At first they communicated through friends, till
Titus, who was the great bond of union between them, by representing their common
interests had terminated their mischievous feud. He was indeed a man formed
both by nature and by education to attract even such a character as that of
Mucianus. The tribunes, the centurions, and the common soldiers, were brought
over to the cause by appeals to their energy or their love of license, to their
virtues or to their vices, according to their different dispositions.
6. Long before the arrival of Titus, both armies had taken the oath of allegiance
to Otho. The news had come, as is usual, with great speed, while there was much
to delay the gigantic undertaking of a civil war, for which the East after a
long period of repose was then for the first time preparing. In former times
the mightiest civil conflicts had been begun in Gaul or Italy with the resources
of the West. Pompey, Brutus, Cassius, and Antony, all of whom had been followed
across the sea by civil war, had met with a disastrous end, and the Emperors
had been oftener heard of than seen in Syria and Judaea. There had been no mutiny
among the legions, nothing indeed but some demonstrations against the Parthians,
attended with various success. In the last civil war, though other provinces
had been disturbed, peace had been here unshaken. Then had followed a loyal
adherence to Galba. But when it became notorious that Otho and Vitellius, opposed
in impious strife, were ready to make a spoil of the Empire, the thought that
others would engross the rewards of power, while they would have nothing left
for themselves but a compulsory submission, made the soldiers murmur and take
a survey of their own strength. There were close at hand seven legions; there
were Syria and Judaea, with a vast number of auxiliaries. Then, without any
interval of separation, there was Egypt and its two legions, and on the other
side Cappadocia, Pontus, and all the garrisons along the frontier of Armenia.
There was Asia Minor; there were the other provinces, not without a military
population, and well furnished with money. There were all the islands of the
Mediterranean. And there was the sea itself, which during the interval of preparation
for war would be both a convenience and a protection.
7. The ardour of the troops was not unknown to their generals; but it was
judged advisable to wait for the issue of the struggle which others were carrying
on. The conquerors and the conquered, it was said, never unite with a genuine
good faith. It matters not whether fortune make Otho or Vitellius to be the
victor. Even great generals grow insolent in prosperity; these men are quarrelsome,
indolent, and profligate, and their own faults will make war fatal to the one,
and success to the other. They therefore postponed the war until a more fitting
opportunity, and though Vespasian and Mucianus had but lately resolved on concerted
action, the others had done so long before. The worthiest among them were moved
by patriotism; many were wrought upon by the attractions of plunder; some by
their private embarrassments. And so, good and bad, from different motives,
but with equal zeal, were all eager for war.
8. About this time Achaia and Asia Minor were terrified by a false report
that Nero was at hand. Various rumours were current about his death; and so
there were many who pretended and believed that he was still alive. The adventures
and enterprises of the other pretenders I shall relate in the regular course
of my work. The pretender in this case was a slave from Pontus, or, according
to some accounts, a freedman from Italy, a skilful harp-player and singer, accomplishments,
which, added to a resemblance in the face, gave a very deceptive plausibility
to his pretensions. After attaching to himself some deserters, needy vagrants
whom he bribed with great offers, he put to sea. Driven by stress of weather
to the island of Cythnus, he induced certain soldiers, who were on their way
from the East, to join him, and ordered others, who refused, to be executed.
He also robbed the traders and armed all the most able bodied of the slaves.
The centurion Sisenna, who was the bearer of the clasped right hands, the usual
emblems of friendship, from the armies of Syria to the Praetorians, was assailed
by him with various artifices, till he left the island secretly, and, fearing
actual violence, made his escape with all haste. Thence the alarm spread far
and wide, and many roused themselves at the well-known name, eager for change,
and detesting the present state of things. The report was daily gaining credit
when an accident put an end to it.
9. Galba had entrusted the government of Galatia and Pamphylia to Calpurnius
Asprenas. Two triremes from the fleet of Misenum were given him to pursue the
adventurer: with these he reached the island of Cythnus. Persons were found
to summon the captains in the name of Nero. The pretender himself, assuming
a studied appearance of sorrow, and appealing to their fidelity as old soldiers
of his own, besought them to land him in Egypt or Syria. The captains, perhaps
wavering, perhaps intending to deceive, declared that they must address their
soldiers, and that they would return when the minds of all had been prepared.
Everything, however, was faithfully reported to Asprenas, and at his bidding
the ship was boarded and taken, and the man, whoever he was, killed. The body,
in which the eyes, the hair, and the savage countenance, were remarkable features,
was conveyed to Asia, and thence to Rome.
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