Domitianus

Suetonius

De Vita Caesarum

Domitianus

I. DOMITIAN was born on the ninth day before
the Kalends of November of the year when his father was Consul-elect and was about
to enter on the office in the following month [October 24, 51 C.E.], in
a street of the sixth region called “the Pomegranate,” in a house which he afterwards
converted into a temple of the Flavian family. He is said to have passed the period
of his boyhood and his early youth in great poverty and infamy. For he did not possess
a single piece of plate and it is a well known fact that Claudius Pollio, a man
of praetorian rank, against whom Nero’s poem entitled “The One-eyed Man” is directed,
preserved a letter in Domitian’s handwriting and sometimes exhibited it, in which
the future emperor promised him an assignation; and there have not been wanting
those who declared that Domitian was also debauched by Nerva, who succeeded him.
In the war with Vitellius he took refuge in the Capitol with his paternal uncle
Sabinus and a part of the forces under him. When the enemy forced an entrance and
the temple was fired, he hid during the night with the guardian of the shrine, and
in the morning, disguised in the garb of a follower of Isis and mingling with the
priests of that fickle superstition, he went across the Tiber with a single companion
to the mother of one of his school-fellows. There he was so effectually concealed,
that though he was closely followed, he could not be found, in spite of a thorough
search. It was only after the victory that he ventured forth and after being hailed
as Caesar, he assumed the office of city praetor with consular powers, but only
in name, turning over all the judicial business to his next colleague. But he exercised
all the tyranny of his high position so lawlessly, that it was even then apparent
what sort of a man he was going to be. Not to mention all details, after making
free with the wives of many men, he went so far as to marry Domitia Longina, who
was the wife of Aelius Lamia, and in a single day he assigned more than twenty positions
in the city and abroad, which led Vespasian to say more than once that he was surprised
that he did not appoint the emperor’s successor with the rest.

II. He began an expedition against Gallia
and the Germanies, which was uncalled for and from which his father’s friends dissuaded
him, merely that he might make himself equal to his brother in power and rank. For
this he was reprimanded, and to give him a better realization of his youth [He
was but eighteen years old at the time] and position, he had to live with his
father, and when they appeared in public he followed the emperor’s chair and that
of his brother in a litter, while he also attended their triumph over Judaea riding
on a white horse [The usual procedure for a youthful son of the Princeps].
Moreover, of his six consulships, only one was a regular one [See Galba vi.1.
The reference is to his consulships before he became emperor], and he obtained
that only because his brother gave place to him and recommended his appointment.
He himself, too, made a remarkable pretense of modesty and especially of an interest
in poetry, an art which had previously been as unfamiliar to him as it was later
despised and rejected, and he even gave readings in public. Yet in spite of all
this, when Vologaesus, King of the Parthians, had asked for auxiliaries against
the Alani and for one of Vespasian’s sons as their leader, Domitian used every effort
to have himself sent rather than Titus; and because the affair came to nothing,
he tried by gifts and promises to induce other eastern kings to make the same request.
On the death of his father he hesitated for some time whether to offer a double
largess [That is, twice as large as his brother’s] to the soldiers, and
he never had any compunction about saying that he had been left a partner in the
imperial power, but that the will had been tampered with [Titus had the ability
to do this; cf., Tit. iii.2, at the end]. And from that time on he never ceased
to plot against his brother secretly and openly, until Titus was seized with a dangerous
illness, when Domitian ordered that he be left for dead, before he had actually
drawn his last breath. And after his death he bestowed no honor upon him, save that
of deification, and he often assailed his memory in ambiguous phrases, both in his
speeches and in his edicts.

III. At the beginning of his reign he used
to spend hours in seclusion every day, doing nothing but catch flies and stab them
with a keenly-sharpened stylus. Consequently, when someone once asked whether anyone
was in there with Caesar, Vibius Crispus made the witty reply: “Not even a fly.”

Then he saluted his wife Domitia as Augusta. He had had a son
by her in his second consulship, whom he lost the next year; but he divorced her
because of her infatuation for the actor Paris, though he could not bear the separation
from her and took her back, alleging that the people demanded it.

In his administration of the government he for some time showed
himself inconsistent, with about an equal number of virtues and vices, but finally
he turned the virtues also into vices; for so far as one may guess, it was contrary
to his natural disposition that he was made rapacious through need and cruel through
fear.

IV. He constantly gave grand and costly entertainments,
both in the amphitheatre [Arkenberg: The Colosseum], and in the Circus,
where in addition to the usual races between two-horse and four-horse chariots,
he also exhibited two battles, one between forces of infantry and the other by horsemen;
and he even gave a naval battle in the amphitheatre. Besides, he gave hunts of wild
beasts, gladiatorial shows at night by the light of torches, and not only combats
between men but between women as well. He was always present, too, at the games
given by the quaestors, which he revived after they had been abandoned for some
time, and invariably granted the people the privilege of calling for two pairs of
gladiators from his own school, and brought them in last in all the splendor of
the court. During the whole of every gladiatorial show there always stood at his
feet a small boy clad in scarlet, with an abnormally small head, with whom he used
to talk a great deal, and sometimes seriously. At any rate, he was overheard to
ask him if he knew why he had decided at the last appointment day to make Mettius
Rufus prefect of Egypt. He often gave sea-fights almost with regular fleets, having
dug a pool near the Tiber and surrounded it with seats; and he continued to witness
the contests amid heavy rains. He also celebrated Secular games, reckoning the time,
not according to the year when Claudius had last given them, but by the previous
calculation of Augustus. In the course of these, to make it possible to finish a
hundred races on the day of the contests in the Circus, he diminished the number
of laps from seven to five. He also established a quinquennial contest in honor
of Jupiter Capitolinus of a threefold character, comprising music, riding, and gymnastics,
and with considerably more prizes than are awarded nowadays. For there were competitions
in prose declamations both in Greek and in Latin; and in addition to those of the
lyre-players, between choruses of such players and in the lyre alone, without singing;
while in the stadium there were races even between maidens. He presided at the competitions
in half-boots clad in a purple toga in the Greek fashion, and wearing upon his head
a golden crown with figures of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, while by his side sat
the priest of Jupiter and the college of the Flaviales [Established for the
worship of the deified Flavian emperors, after the manner of the Augustales],
similarly dressed, except that their crowns bore his image as well. He celebrated
the Quinquatria too every year in honor of Minerva at his Alban villa, and established
for her a college of priests, from which men were chosen by lot to act as officers
and give splendid shows of wild beasts and stage plays, besides holding contests
in oratory and poetry. He made a present to the people of three hundred sesterces
each on three occasions, and in the course of one of his shows in celebration of
the feast of the Seven Hills gave plentiful banquets, distributing large baskets
of victuals to the Senate and equites, and smaller ones to the plebeians, and he
himself was the first to begin to eat. On the following day, he scattered gifts
of all sorts of things to be scrambled for, and since the greater part of these
fell where the people sat, he had five hundred tickets thrown into each section
occupied by the senatorial and equestrian orders.

V. He restored many splendid buildings which
had been destroyed by fire [82 C.E.], among them the Capitolium, which
had again been burned [In 80 C.E.; it had previously been destroyed by fire
in 69; see Vit. xv.3], but in all cases with the inscription of his own name
only, and with no mention of the original builder. Furthermore, he built a new temple
on the Capitoline hill in honor of Jupiter Custos and the forum which now bears
the name of Nerva; likewise a temple to the Flavian family, a stadium, an Odeum,
and a pool for sea-fights. From the stone used in this last the Circus Maximus was
afterwards rebuilt, when both sides of it had been destroyed by fire.

VI. His campaigns he undertook partly without
provocation and partly of necessity. That against the Chatti was uncalled for [84
C.E.], while the one against the Sarmatians was justified by the destruction
of a legion with its commander. He made two against the Dacians, the first when
Oppius Sabinus, an ex-consul, was defeated, and the second on the overthrow of Cornelius
Fuscus, prefect of the Praetorian Guard, to whom he had entrusted the conduct of
the war [86 C.E.]. After several battles of varying success, he celebrated
a double triumph over the Chatti and the Dacians. His victories over the Sarmatians
he commemorated merely by the offering of a laurel crown to Jupiter of the Capitol.
A civil war which was set on foot by Lucius Antonius, governor of Upper Germania,
was put down in the emperor’s absence by a remarkable stroke of good fortune; for
at the very hour of the battle the Rhine suddenly thawed and prevented his barbarian
allies from crossing over to Antonius. Domitian learned of this victory through
omens before he actually had news of it, for on the very day when the decisive battle
was fought, a magnificent eagle enfolded his statue at Rome with its wings, uttering
exultant shrieks; and soon afterwards the report of Antonius’ death became so current,
that several went so far as to assert positively that they had seen his head brought
to Rome.

VII. He made many innovations also in common
customs. He did away with the distribution of food to the people, and revived that
of formal dinners. He added two factions of drivers in the Circus, with gold and
purple as their colors, to the four former ones. He forbade the appearance of actors
on the stage, but allowed the practice of their art in private houses. He prohibited
the castration of males, and kept down the price of the eunuchs that remained in
the hands of the slave dealers. Once upon the occasion of a plentiful wine crop,
attended with a scarcity of grain, thinking that the fields were neglected through
too much attention to the vineyards, he made an edict forbidding anyone to plant
more vines in Italy and ordering that the vineyards in the provinces be cut down,
or but half of them at most be left standing; but he did not persist in carrying
out the measure. He opened some of the most important offices of the court to freedmen
and Roman equites. He prohibited the uniting of two legions in one camp and the
deposit of more than a thousand sesterces by any one soldier at headquarters because
it was clear that Lucius Antonius had been especially led to attempt a revolution
by the amount of such deposits in the combined winter quarters of two legions. He
increased the pay of the soldiers one fourth, by the addition of three gold pieces
each year.

VIII. He administered justice scrupulously
and conscientiously, frequently holding special sittings on the tribunal in the
Forum. He rescinded such decisions of the Hundred Judges as were made from interested
motives. He often warned the arbiters not to grant claims for freedom made under
false pretenses. He degraded jurors who accepted bribes, together with all their
associates. He also induced the tribunes of the commons to prosecute a corrupt aedile
for extortion, and to ask the Senate to appoint jurors in the case. He took such
care to exercise restraint over the city officials and the governors of the provinces,
that at no time were they more honest or just, whereas after his time we have seen
many of them charged with all manner of offences. Having undertaken the correction
of public morals, he put an end to the licence at the theaters, where the general
public occupied the seats reserved for the equites; did away with the prevailing
publication of scurrilous lampoons, in which distinguished men and women were attacked,
and imposed ignominious penalties on their authors; expelled an ex-quaestor from
the Senates because he was given to acting and dancing; deprived notorious women
of the use of litters, as well as of the right to receive inheritances and legacies;
struck the name of a Roman eques from the list of jurors, because he had taken back
his wife after divorcing her and charging her with adultery; condemned several men
of both orders, offenders against the Scantinian law [De nefanda Venere];
and the incest of Vestal Virgins, condoned even by his father and his brother, he
punished severely in divers ways, at first by capital punishment, and afterwards
in the ancient fashion. For while he allowed the sisters Oculata and also Varronilla
free choice of the manner of their death, and banished their paramours, he later
ordered that Cornelia, a chief-vestal who had been acquitted once but after a long
interval again arraigned and found guilty, be buried alive; and her lovers were
beaten to death with rods in the Comitium, with the exception of an ex-praetor,
whom he allowed to go into exile, because he admitted his guilt while the case was
still unsettled and the examination and torture of the witnesses had led to no result.
To protect the gods from being dishonored with impunity by any sacrilege, he caused
a tomb which one of his freedmen had built for his son from stones intended for
the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus to be destroyed by the soldiers, and the bones
and ashes contained in it thrown into the sea.

IX. In the earlier part of his reign he so
shrank from any form of bloodshed, that while his father was still absent from the
city, he planned to issue an edict that no oxen should be offered up, recalling
the line of Vergil, “E’er yet an impious race did slay and feast upon bullocks”
[Verg. Georg. 2.537]. He was equally free from any suspicion of love of
gain or of avarice, both in private life and for some time after becoming emperor;
on the contrary, he often gave strong proofs not merely of integrity, but even of
liberality. He treated all his intimates most generously, and there was nothing
which he urged them more frequently, or with greater insistence, than that they
should be niggardly in none of their acts. He would not accept inheritances left
him by those who had children. He even annulled a legacy in the will of Rustus Caepio,
who had provided that his heir should yearly pay a specified sum to each of the
senators on his entrance into the Curia. He canceled the suits against
those who had been posted as debtors to the public treasury for more than five years,
and would not allow a renewal except within a year and on the condition that an
accuser who did not win his suit should be punished with exile. Scribes of the quaestors
who carried on business, which had become usual, although contrary to the Clodian
law, he pardoned for past offences. Parcels of land which were left unoccupied here
and there after the assignment of lands to the veterans, he granted to their former
owners as by right of possession. He checked false accusations designed for the
profit of the privy purses and inflicted severe penalties on offenders; and a saying
of his was current, that an emperor who does not punish informers hounds them on.

X. But he did not continue this course of
mercy or integrity, although he turned to cruelty somewhat more speedily than to
avarice. He put to death a pupil of the pantomimic actor Paris, who was still a
beardless boy and ill at the time, because in his skill and his appearance he seemed
not unlike his master; also Hermogenes of Tarsus because of some allusions in his
History, besides crucifying even the slaves who had written it out. A householder
who said that a Thracian gladiator was a match for the murmillo, but not
for the giver of the games, he caused to be dragged from his seat and thrown into
the arena to dogs, with this placard: “A favorer of the Thracians who spoke impiously.”
He put to death many senators, among them several ex-consuls, including Civica Cerealis,
at the very time when he was proconsul in Asia; Salvidienus Orfitus; Acilius Glabrio,
while he was in exile—these on the ground of plotting revolution, the rest on
any charge, however trivial. He slew Aelius Lamia for joking remarks, which were
reflections on him, it is true, but made long before and harmless. For when Domitian
had taken away Lamia’s wife, the latter replied to someone who praised his voice:
“I practice continence”; and when Titus urged him to marry again, he replied: “Are
you too looking for a wife?” He put to death Salvius Cocceianus, because he had
kept the birthday of the emperor Otho, his paternal uncle; Mettius Pompusianus,
because it was commonly reported that he had an imperial nativity and carried about
a map of the world on parchment and speeches of the kings and generals from Titus
Livius, besides giving two of his slaves the names of Mago and Hannibal; Sallustius
Lucullus, governor of Britannia, for allowing some lances of a new pattern to be
called “Lucullean,” after his own name; Junius Rusticus, because he had published
eulogies of Paetus Thrasea and Helvidius Priscus and called them the most upright
of men; and on the occasion of this charge he banished all the philosophers from
the city and from Italia. He also executed the younger Helvidius, alleging that
in a farce composed for the stage he had under the characters of Paris and Oenone
censured Domitian’s divorce from his wife; Flavinus Sabinus too, one of his cousins,
because on the day of the consular elections the crier had inadvertently announced
him to the people as emperor-elect, instead of consul. After his victory in the
civil war he became even more cruel, and to discover any conspirators who were in
hiding, tortured many of the opposite party by a new form of inquisition, inserting
fire in their privates; and he cut off the hands of some of them. It is certain
that of the more conspicuous only two were pardoned, a tribune of senatorial rank
and a centurion, who the more clearly to prove their freedom from guilt, showed
that they were of shameless unchastity and voted therefore have had no influence
with the general or with the soldiers.

XI. His savage cruelty was not only excessive,
but also cunning and sudden. He invited one of his stewards to his bed-chamber the
day before crucifying him, made him sit beside him on his couch, and dismissed him
in a secure and gay frame of mind, even deigning to send him a share of his dinner.
When he was on the point of condemning the ex-consul Arrecinius Clemens, one of
his intimates and tools, he treated him with as great favor as before, if not greater,
and finally, as he was taking a drive with him, catching sight of his accuser, he
said: “Pray, shall we hear this base slave tomorrow?” To abuse men’s patience the
more insolently, he never pronounced an unusually dreadful sentence without a preliminary
declaration of clemency, so that there came to be no more certain indication of
a cruel death than the leniency of his preamble. He had brought some men charged
with treason into the Senate, and when he had introduced the matter by saying that
he would find out that day how dear he was to the members, he had no difficulty
in causing them to be condemned to suffer the ancient method of punishments. Then,
appalled at the cruelty of the penalty, he interposed a veto, to lessen the odium,
in these words (for it will be of interest to know his exact language): “Allow me,
Fathers of the Senate, to prevail on you by your love for me to grant a favor which
I know I shall obtain with difficulty, namely that you grant the condemned free
choice of the manner of their death; for thus you will spare your own eyes and all
men will know that I was present at the meeting of the Senate.”

XII. Reduced to financial straits by the cost
of his buildings and shows, as well as by the additions which he had made to the
pay of the soldiers, he tried to lighten the military expenses by diminishing the
number of his troops; but perceiving that in this way he exposed himself to the
attacks of the barbarians, and nevertheless had difficulty in easing his burdens,
he had no hesitation in resorting to every sort of robbery. The property of the
living and the dead was seized everywhere on any charge brought by any accuser.
It was enough to allege any action or word derogatory to the majesty of the
princeps. Estates of those in no way connected with him were confiscated, if
but one man came forward to declare that he had heard from the deceased during his
lifetime that Caesar was his heir. Besides other taxes, that on the Jews [A
tax of two drachmas a head, imposed by Titus in return for free permission to practice
their religion; see Josephus, Bell. Jud. 7.6.6] was levied with the utmost
rigor, and those were prosecuted who, without publicly acknowledging that faith,
yet lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay the
tribute levied upon their people [These may have been Christians, whom the Romans
commonly assumed were Jews]. I recall being present in my youth when the person
of a man ninety years old was examined before the procurator and a very crowded
court, to see whether he was circumcised. From his youth he was far from being of
an affable disposition, but was on the contrary presumptuous and unbridled both
in act and in word. When his father’s concubine Caenis returned from Histria and
offered to kiss him as usual, he held out his hand to her. He was vexed that his
brother’s son-in-law had attendants clad in white, as well as he, and uttered the
words “Not good is a number of rulers” [Iliad, 2.204].

XIII. When he became emperor, he did not hesitate
to boast in the Senate that he had conferred their power on both his father and
his brother, and that they had but returned him his own; nor on taking back his
wife after their divorce, that he had “recalled her to his divine couch” [“Pulvinar”
here means the couch for the images of the gods; cf., Aug. xlv.1]. He delighted
to hear the people in the amphitheatre shout on his feast day: “Good Fortune attend
out Lord and Mistress.” Even more, in the Capitoline competition, when all the people
begged him with great unanimity to restore Palfurius Sura, who had been banished
some time before from the Senate, and on that occasion received the prize for oratory,
he deigned no reply, but merely had a crier bid them be silent. With no less arrogance
he began as follows in dictating a circular letter in the name of his procurators,
“Our Master and our God bids that this be done.” And so the custom arose of henceforth
addressing him in no other way, even in writing or in conversation. He suffered
no statues to be set up in his honor in the Capitol, except of gold and silver and
of a fixed weight. He erected so many and such huge vaulted passageways and arches
in the various regions of the city, adorned with chariots and triumphal emblems,
that on one of them someone wrote in Greek: “It is enough.” He held the consulship
seventeen times [71-72, 77, 80, 82-88, 90, 92, 95 C.E.], more often than
any of his predecessors. Of these, the seven middle ones were in successive years,
but all of them he filled in name only, continuing none beyond the first of May,
and few after the Ides of January. Having assumed the surname Germanicus after his
two triumphs, he renamed the months of September and October from his own names,
calling them “Germanicus” and “Domitianus,” because in the former he had come to
the throne and was born in the latter.

XIV. In this way he became an object of terror
and hatred to all, but he was overthrown at last by a conspiracy of his friends
and favorite freedmen, to which his wife was also privy. He had long since had a
premonition of the last year and day of his life, and even of the very hour and
manner of his death. In his youth astrologers had predicted all this to him, and
his father once even openly ridiculed him at dinner for refusing mushrooms, saying
that he showed himself unaware of his destiny in not rather fearing the sword. Therefore
he was at all times timorous and worried, and was disquieted beyond measure by even
the slightest suspicions. It is thought that nothing had more effect in inducing
him to ignore his proclamation about cutting down the vineyards than the circulation
of notes containing the following lines: “Gnaw at my root, an you will; even then
shall I have juice in plenty To pour upon thee, O goat, when at the altar you stand”
[Cf., Ovid, Fasti, 1.357]. It was because of this same timorousness that
although he was most eager for all such honors, he refused a new one which the Senate
had devised and offered to him, a decree, namely, that whenever he held the consulship,
Roman equites selected by lot should precede him among his lictors and attendants,
clad in the trabea and bearing lances. As the time when he anticipated
danger drew near, becoming still more anxious every day, he lined the walls of the
colonnades in which he used to walk with phengite stone [According to Pliny,
Nat. Hist., a hard, white, translucent stone discovered in Cappadocia in the reign
of Nero. Pliny also mentions similar mirrors of black obsidian; see Nat. Hist. xl.2],
to be able to see in its brilliant surface the reflection of all that went on behind
his back. And he did not give a hearing to any prisoners except in private and alone,
even holding their chains in his hands. Further, to convince his household that
one must not venture to kill a patron even on good grounds, he condemned Epaphroditus,
his confidential secretary, to death, because it was believed that after Nero was
abandoned the freedman’s hand had aided him in taking his life.

XV. Finally, he put to death his own cousin
Flavius Clemens, suddenly and on a very slight suspicion, almost before the end
of his consulship; and yet Flavius was a man of most contemptible laziness and Domitian
had besides openly named his sons, who were then very young, as his successors,
changing their former names and calling the one Vespasian and the other Domitian.
And it was by this deed in particular that he hastened his own destruction. For
eight successive months so many strokes of lightning occurred and were reported,
that at last he cried: “Well, let him now strike whom he will.” The Temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus was struck and that of the Flavian family, as well as the Palace and
the emperor’s own bedroom. The inscription, too, on the base of a triumphal statue
of his was torn off in a violent tempest and fell upon a neighboring tomb. The tree
which had been overthrown when Vespasian was still a private citizen but had sprung
up anew, then on a sudden fell down again. Fortuna of Praeneste had throughout his
whole reign, when he commended the new year to her protection, given him a favorable
omen and always in the same words. Now at last she returned a most direful one,
not without the mention of bloodshed. He dreamed that Minerva, whom he worshipped
with superstitious veneration, came forth from her shrine and declared that she
could no longer protect him, since she had been disarmed by Jupiter. Yet there was
nothing by which he was so much disturbed as a prediction of the astrologer Ascletarion
and what befell him. When this man was accused before the emperor and did not deny
that he had spoken of certain things which he had foreseen through his art, he was
asked what his own end could be. When he replied that he would shortly be rent by
dogs, Domitian ordered him killed at once; but to prove the fallibility of his art,
he ordered besides that his funeral be attended to with the greatest care. While
this was being done, it chanced that the pyre was overset by a sudden storm and
that the dogs mangled the corpse, which was only partly consumed; and that an actor
of farces called Latinus, who happened to pass by and see the incident, told it
to Domitian at the dinner table, with the rest of the day’s gossip.

XVI. The day before he was killed he gave
orders to have some apples which were offered him kept until the following day,
and added: “If only I am spared to eat them”; then turning to his companions, he
declared that on the following day the moon would be stained with blood in Aquarius,
and that a deed would be done of which men would talk all over the world. At about
midnight he was so terrified that he leaped from his bed. The next morning he conducted
the trial of a soothsayer sent from Germania, who when consulted about the lightning
strokes had foretold a change of rulers, and condemned him to death. While he was
vigorously scratching a festered wart on his forehead, and had drawn blood, he said:
“May this be all.” Then he asked the time, and by pre-arrangement the sixth hour
was announced to him, instead of the fifth, which he feared. Filled with joy at
this, and believing all danger now past, he was hastening to the bath, when his
chamberlain Parthenius changed his purpose by announcing that someone had called
about a matter of great moment and would not be put off. Then he dismissed all his
attendants and went to his bedroom, where he was slain.

XVII. Concerning the nature of the plot and
the manner of his death, this is about all that became known. As the conspirators
were deliberating when and how to attack him, whether at the bath or at dinner,
Stephanus, Domitilla’s a steward, at the time under accusation for embezzlement,
offered his aid and counsel. To avoid suspicion, he wrapped up his left arm in woollen
bandages for some days, pretending that he had injured it, and concealed in them
a dagger. Then pretending to betray a conspiracy and for that reason being given
an audience, he stabbed the emperor in the groin as he was reading a paper which
the assassin handed him, and stood in a state of amazement. As the wounded princeps
attempted to resist, he was slain with seven wounds by Clodianus, a servant, Maximus,
a freedman of Parthenius, Satur, decurion of the chamberlains, and a gladiator from
the imperial school. A boy who was engaged in his usual duty of attending to the
Lares in the bedroom, and so was a witness of the murder, gave this additional information.
He was bidden by Domitian, immediately after he was dealt the first blow, to hand
him the dagger hidden under his pillow and to call the servants; but he found nothing
at the head of the bed save the hilt, and besides all the doors were closed. Meanwhile
the emperor grappled with Stephanus and bore him to the ground, where they struggled
for a long time, Domitian trying now to wrest the dagger from his assailant’s hands
and now to gouge out his eyes with his lacerated fingers. He was slain on the fourteenth
day before the Kalends of October in the forty-fifth year of his age and the fifteenth
of his reign [September 18, 96 C.E.]. His corpse was carried out on a common
bier by those who bury the poor, and his nurse Phyllis cremated it at her suburban
estate on the Via Patina; but his ashes she secretly carried to the temple of the
Flavian family and mingled them with those of Julia, daughter of Titus, whom she
had also reared.

XVIII. He was tall of stature, with a modest
expression and a high color. His eyes were large, but his sight was somewhat dim.
He was handsome and graceful too, especially when a young man, and indeed in his
whole body with the exception of his feet, the toes of which were somewhat cramped.
In later life he had the further disfigurement of baldness, a protruding belly,
and spindling legs, though the latter had become thin from a long illness. He was
so conscious that the modesty of his expression was in his favor, that he once made
this boast in the Senate: “So far, at any rate, you have approved my heart and my
countenance.” He was so sensitive about his baldness, that he regarded it as a personal
insult if anyone else was twitted with that defect in jest or in earnest; though
in a book “On the Care of the Hair,” which he published and dedicated to a friend,
he wrote the following by way of consolation to the man and himself: “Do you not
see that I too am tall and comely to look on? And yet the same fate awaits my hair,
and I bear with resignation the ageing of my locks in youth. Be assured that nothing
is more pleasing than beauty, but nothing shorter-lived.”

XIX. He was incapable of exertion and seldom
went about the city on foot, while on his campaigns and journeys he rarely rode
on horseback, but was regularly carried in a litter. He took no interest in arms,
but was particularly devoted to archery. There are many who have more than once
seen him slay a hundred wild beasts of different kinds on his Alban estate, and
purposely kill some of them with two successive shots in such a way that the arrows
gave the effect of horns. Sometimes he would have a slave stand at a distance and
hold out the palm of his right hand for a mark, with the fingers spread; then he
directed his arrows with such accuracy that they passed harmlessly between the fingers.

XX. At the beginning of his rule he neglected
liberal studies, although he provided for having the libraries, which were destroyed
by fire, renewed at very great expense, seeking everywhere for copies of the lost
works, and sending scribes to Alexandria to transcribe and correct them. Yet he
never took any pains to become acquainted with history or poetry, or even to acquiring
an ordinarily good style. He read nothing except the memoirs and transactions of
Tiberius Caesar; for his letters, speeches and proclamations he relied on others’
talents. Yet his conversation was not inelegant, and some of his sayings were even
noteworthy, “How I wish,” said he “that I were as fine looking as Maecius thinks
he is.” He declared too that the head of a certain man, whose hair had changed color
in such a way that it was partly reddish and partly grey, was like “snow on which
mead had been poured.”

XXI. He used to say that the lot of princes
was most unhappy, since when they discovered a conspiracy, no one believed them
unless they had been killed. Whenever he had leisure he amused himself with playing
at dice, even on working days and in the morning hours. He went to the bath before
the end of the forenoon and lunched to the point of satiety, so that at dinner he
rarely took anything except a Matian apple and a moderate amount of wine from a
jug. He gave numerous and generous banquets, but usually ended them early; in no
case did he protract them beyond sunset, or follow them by a drinking bout. In fact,
he did nothing until the hour for retiring except walk alone in a retired place.

XXII. He was excessively lustful. His constant
sexual intercourse he called bed-wrestling, as if it were a kind of exercise. It
was reported that he depilated his concubines with his own hand and swam with common
prostitutes. After persistently refusing his niece, who was offered him in marriage
when she was still a maid, because he was entangled in an intrigue with Domitia,
he seduced her shortly afterwards when she became the wife of another, and that
too during the lifetime of Titus. Later, when she was bereft of father and husband,
he loved her ardently and without disguise, and even became the cause of her death
by compelling her to get rid of a child of his by abortions.

XXIII. The people received the news of his
death with indifference, but the soldiers were greatly grieved and at once attempted
to call him the Deified Domitian; while they were prepared also to avenge him, had
they not lacked leaders. This, however, they did accomplish a little later by most
insistently demanding the execution of his murderers. The senators, on the contrary,
were so overjoyed that they raced to fill the Curia, where they did not
refrain from assailing the dead emperor with the most insulting and stinging kind
of outcries. They even had ladders brought and his shields and images torn down
before their eyes and dashed upon the ground; finally they passed a decree that
his inscriptions should everywhere be erased, and all record of him obliterated.
A few months before he was killed, a raven perched on the Capitolium and cried “All
will be well,” an omen which some interpreted as follows: “High on the gable Tarpeian
a raven but lately alighting, Could not say ‘It is well,’ only declared ‘It will
be.'” Domitian himself, it is said, dreamed that a golden hump grew out on his back,
and he regarded this as an infallible sign that the condition of the empire would
be happier and more prosperous after his time; and this was shortly shown to be
true through the uprightness and moderate rule of the succeeding emperors.

Source:

From: J. C. Rolfe, ed., Suetonius, 2 Vols., The Loeb
Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, and New York: The MacMillan Co., 1914),
II.339-385.

Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. of History, Cal. State Fullerton.
Prof. Arkenberg may have modernized the text.