The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb
[1864-1877]
Tacitus: Annals Book 14 [60]
60. Nero, on receiving this decree of the Senate and seeing that every piece
of his wickedness was regarded as a conspicuous merit, drove Octavia from him,
alleging that she was barren, and then married Poppaea. The woman who had long
been Nero’s mistress and ruled him first as a paramour, then as her husband,
instigated one of Octavia’s servants to accuse her an intrigue with a slave.
The man fixed on as the guilty lover was one by name Eucaerus, an Alexandrine
by birth, skilled in singing to the flute. As a consequence, her slave-girls
were examined under torture, and though some were forced by the intensity of
agony into admitting falsehoods, most of them persisted in upholding the virtue
of their mistress. One of them said, in answer to the furious menaces of Tigellinus,
that Octavia’s person was purer than his mouth. Octavia, however, was dismissed
under the form of an ordinary divorce, and received possession of the house
of Burrus and of the estates of Plautus, an ill-starred gift. She was soon afterwards
banished to Campania under military surveillance. This led to incessant and
outspoken remonstrances among the common people, who have less discretion and
are exposed to fewer dangers than others from the insignificance of their position.
Upon this Nero, though he did not repent of his outrage, restored to Octavia
her position as wife.
61. Then people in their joy went up to the Capitol and, at last, gave thanks
to the gods. They threw down the statues of Poppaea; they bore on their shoulders
the images of Octavia, covering them with flowers, and setting them up in the
forum and in the temples. There was even a burst of applause for the emperor,
men hailing the recalled Octavia. And now they were pouring into the Palace
in crowds, with loud shoutings, when some companies of soldiers rushed out and
dispersed the tumultuous throng with blows, and at the point of the sword. Whatever
changes had been made in the riot, were reversed, and Poppaea’s honours restored.
Ever relentless in her hatred, she was now enraged by the fear that either the
violence of the mob would burst on her with yet fiercer fury, or that Nero would
be swayed by the popular bias, and so, flinging herself at his knees, she exclaimed
that she was not in the position of a rival fighting for marriage, though that
was dearer to her than life, but that her very life was brought into jeopardy
by the dependants and slaves of Octavia, who had assumed the name of the people,
and dared in peace what could hardly happen in war. “Those arms,” she said,
“have been taken up against the emperor; a leader only is wanting, and he will
easily be found in a commotion. Only let her whose mere beck, though she is
far away, stirs up tumult, quit Campania, and make her way in person to Rome.
And, again, what is my sin? What offense have I caused any one? Is it that I
am about to give to the house of the Caesars a lawful heir? Do the people of
Rome prefer that the offspring of an Egyptian fluteplayer should be raised to
the imperial throne? In a word, if it be expedient, Nero should of his own choice
rather than on compulsion send for her who ruled him, or else secure his safety
by a righteous vengeance. The beginning of a commotion has often been quieted
by slight precautions; but if people once despair of Octavia being Nero’s wife,
they will soon find her a husband.”
62. Her various arguments, tending both to frighten and to enrage, at once
alarmed and incensed her listener. But the suspicion about the slave was of
little weight, and the torture of the slave-girls exposed its absurdity. Consequently
it was decided to procure a confession from some one on whom could also be fastened
a charge of revolutionary designs. Fittest for this seemed the perpetrator of
the mother’s murder, Anicetus, commander, as I have already mentioned, of the
fleet at Misenum, who got but scant gratitude after that atrocious deed, and
subsequently all the more vehement hatred, inasmuch as men look on their instruments
in crime as a sort of standing reproach to them. The emperor accordingly sent
for Anicetus, and reminded him of his former service. “He alone,” he said, “had
come to the rescue of the prince’s life against a plotting mother. Close at
hand was a chance of winning no less gratitude by ridding him of a malignant
wife. No violence or weapons were needed; only let him confess to an intrigue
with Octavia.” Nero then promised him a secret but ample immediate recompense,
and some delightful retreat, while he threatened him with death in case of refusal.
Anicetus, with the moral insensibility of his nature and a promptness inspired
by previous atrocities, invented even more than was required of him, and confessed
before friends whom the prince had called in, as a sort of judicial council.
He was then banished to Sardinia, where he endured exile without poverty, and
died a natural death.
63. Nero meanwhile declared by edict that the prefect had been corrupted
into a design of gaining over the fleet, and added, in forgetfulness of his
late charge of barrenness against Octavia, that, conscious of her profligacies,
she had procured abortion, a fact he had himself ascertained. Then he confined
her in the island of Pandataria. No exile ever filled the eyes of beholders
with tears of greater compassion. Some still remembered Agrippina, banished
by Tiberius, and the yet fresher memory of Julia, whom Claudius exiled, was
present to men’s thoughts. But they had life’s prime for their stay; they had
seen some happiness, and the horror of the moment was alleviated by recollections
of a better lot in the past. For Octavia, from the first, her marriage-day was
a kind of funeral, brought, as she was, into a house where she had nothing but
scenes of mourning, her father and, an instant afterwards, her brother, having
been snatched from her by poison; then, a slave-girl raised above the mistress;
Poppaea married only to insure a wife’s ruin, and, to end all, an accusation
more horrible than any death.
64. And now the girl, in her twentieth year, with centurions and soldiers
around her, already removed from among the living by the forecast of doom, still
could not reconcile herself to death. After an interval of a few days, she received
an order that she was to die, although she protested that she was now a widow
and only a sister, and appealed to their common ancestors, the Germanici, and
finally to the name of Agrippina, during whose life she had endured a marriage,
which was miserable enough indeed, but not fatal. She was then tightly bound
with cords, and the veins of every limb were opened; but as her blood was congealed
by terror and flowed too slowly, she was killed outright by the steam of an
intensely hot bath. To this was added the yet more appalling horror of Poppaea
beholding the severed head which was conveyed to Rome. And for all this offerings
were voted to the temples. I record the fact with a special object. Whoever
would study the calamities of that period in my pages or those of other authors,
is to take it for granted that as often as the emperor directed banishments
or executions, so often was there a thanksgiving to the gods, and what formerly
commemorated some prosperous event, was then a token of public disaster. Still,
if any decree of the Senate was marked by some new flattery, or by the lowest
servility, I shall not pass it over in silence.
65. That same year Nero was believed to have destroyed by poison two of his
most powerful freedmen, Doryphorus, on the pretext of his having opposed the
marriage with Poppaea, Pallas for still keeping his boundless wealth by a prolonged
old age. Romanus had accused Seneca in stealthy calumnies, of having been an
accomplice of Caius Piso, but he was himself crushed more effectually by Seneca
on the same charge. This alarmed Piso, and gave rise to a huge fabric of unsuccessful
conspiracies against Nero. > 65. Eodem anno libertorum potissimos veneno interfecisse
creditus, Doryphorum quasi adversatum nuptiis Poppaeae, Pallantem, quod immensam
pecuniam longa senecta detineret. Romanus secretis criminationibus incusaverat
Senecam ut C. Pisonis socium, sed validius a Seneca eodem crimine perculsus
est. unde Pisoni timor, et orta insidiarum in Neronem magna moles et improspera.
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