INDEX A – C
Vowel Sounds:– as in palm; ā, as
in late; ăalmost like uin fur; e, like
ain fate; ē, as in he; i, as ein me;
ī, as in sigh; ō, as in shore; as in
pull; u, as in sun; ȳ, as in dye.
Ā , Sumerian names of moon, 301 ;
Ea as, 31 .
, the goddess, consort of Shamash, 57 ,
100 .
A, Egyptian name of moon, 301 .
Abijah (a-bījah), King of Judah, 402 ,
403 .
Abraham, 12 ; the Isaac sacrifice,
50 ; period of migration from Ur,
131 , 245 ;
association of with Amorites, 246 ; conflict
with Amraphel (Hammurabi) and his allies, 246 ,
247 ; Babylonian monotheism in age of,
160 ; Nimrod and in Koran,
166 , 167 ,
349 , 350 .
Achns (a-kēans), the Celts and, 377 ;
in Crete and Egypt, 378 ; Pelasgians and,
393 ; the Cyprian and Assyria,
484 .
Achenian (a-ke-menian), Cyrus called an,
493 ; Darius I claims to be an,
496 . See Akhamanish.
Adad (), deities that link with, 35 ,
57 , 261 ,
395 ; in demon war,
76 .
Adad-nirari I (-ni-ri), of Assyria,
362 , 363 .
Adad-nirari III, 396 .
Adad-nirari IV, King of Assyria, Babylonian influence in court of,
419 ; as “husband of his mother”,
420 ; innovations of,
421 ; Kalkhi library,
422 ; “synchronistic history”,
423 ; Nebo worship,
435 ,436 ; as
“saviour” of Israel, 438 ,
439 ; Urartu problem,
439 , 440 .
Adad-nirari V, 442 .
Adad-shum-utsur (ad-sh-sur), King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria.
270 .
Adam, “first wife” of a demon, 67 ; the shining
jewel of, 185 .
Adapa (p, the Babylonian Thor, 72 ,
73 .
Addu (d, as form of Merodach, 160 .
Adonis (dōnis), Tammuz and myth of, 83 ,
84 ; antiquity of myth of,
84 ; blood of in river,
85 ; the boat or chest of,
90 , 103 ; “the
Garden of”, 171 ,
172 ; slain by boar,
294 , 304 .
Afghans, skull forms of, 8 .
Ages, the mythical, Tammuz as ruler of one of the,
83 , 84 ; Greek
flood legend and, 195 ,
196 ; the Indian and Celtic,
196 ; in American myths,
198 ; Babylonian and Indian links,
199 ; in Persian and Germanic mythologies,
202 , 203 ;
various systems compared, 310 et seq.
Agni (ăgnee), Indian fire and fertility god,
49 ; Nusku and, 50 ; links with Tammuz,
94 ; eagle as, 168 ,
169 ; Nergal and,
304 ; the goat and,
333 ; Melkarth and,
346 .
Agriculture, mother worship and, xxix ,
xxx ; cults of Osiris-Isis and Tammuz- Ishtar,
xxxi; early Sumerians and, 2 ; in Turkestan and
Egypt, 6 ; early civilizations and,
14 ; Herodotus on Babylonian,
21 , 22 ; irrigation
and river floods, 23 ,
24 , 26 ; deities
and water supply, 33 ; Tammuz-Adonis myth,
85 ; weeping ceremonies,
82 et seq.; Nimrod myth,
170 ; demand for harvesters in Babylonia,
256 .
Agum (), Kassite kings named, 272
et seq.
Agum the Great, Kassite king, recovers from Mitanni Merodach and his spouse,
272 .
Ahab, King of Israel, 405 –407 ,
408 , 473 .
Ahaz, King of Judah, fire ceremony practised by,
50 ; sundial of and eclipse record, 323 ,
450 ; relations with Assyria,
452 , 453 ,
459 .
Ahaziah (a-ha-zīah), King of Israel, 408 –410 .
AhMăzda, eagle and ring symbol of, 347 ;
Ashur and, 355 ; Cambyses and,
495 ; identified with Merodach,
496 ; reform of cult of,
497 .
Air of Life, Breath and spirit as, 48 ,
49 .
Akhamanish (a-khmănish), the Persian Patriarch,
493 ; Germanic Mannus and Indian Manu and,
493 ; eagle and,
493 .
Akhenaton (a-khen-on), foreign correspondence of,
280 et seq.; Assyrian King’s relations
with, 285 ; Aton cult of,
338 , 422 ;
attitude of to mother worship, 418 ,
419 .
Akkad (akkad). Its racial and geographical significance,
1 ; early name of Uri or Kiuri,
2 ; early history of;
109 et seq.
Akkad, City of, Sargon of, 125 et seq.;
Naram-Sin and, 128 ,
129 ; in Hammurabi Age,
256 ; observatory at,
321 . Also rendered Agad
Akkadians, characteristics of, 2 ; culture
of Sumerian, 2 , 3 ,
13 ; the conquerors of Sumerians,
12 .
u, moon as the “measurer” 301 .
Akurgal (kgal), King of Lagash, son of Ur-Nina,
118 .
Alban, the British ancestral giant, 42 .
Aleppo (a-leppo), Hadad worshipped at, 411 .
Alexander the Great, Southern Babylonia in age of,
22 , 23 ; his
vision of Tiamat, 151 ; myths of,
164 ; the eagle and,
167 ; Gilgamesh and,
172 ; water of life,
185 , 186 ;
Brahmans and, 207 ,
208 ; welcomed in Babylon,
497 ; Pantheon of,
497 ; death of,
498 .
Algebra, Brahmans formulated, 289 .
Allatu (allt. See Eresh-ki-gal.
Alu (, the, tempest and nightmare demon,
65 , 68 , 69 .
Alytes, King of Lydia, war against Medes,
494 ; Median marriage alliance, 494 .
Ĵm the mother goddess, 57 ,
100 .
Amaziah, King of Judah, 448 ,
449 .
Amel-marduk (el-mduk), “Evil Merodach”, King of Babylon,
492 .
Amenhotep III (men-hōtep) of Egypt, 280 ;
Tushratta’s appeals to, 282 .
Amon, wife of, 221 ; the “world soul” belief
and, 329 .
Amorites, Land of. See Amurru.
Amorites, Sargon of Akkad and, 125 –127 ;
in pre-Hammurabi Age, 217 ; Sun cult favoured
by in Babylon, 240 ; Moon cult of in Kish,
241 ; blend of in Jerusalem,
246 ; raids of,
256 ; as allies of Hittites, 284 ,
363 , 364 ;
Philistines and, 380 ; “mother right” amongst,
418 .
Amphitrite, the sea goddess, 33 . Amraphel
(ra-phel), the Biblical, identified with Hammurabi,
131 , 246 ,
247 .
Amurru (am-r, land of Amorites, 127 ;
Sargon and Naram Sin in, 127 –129 ;
Gudea of Lagash trades with, 130 ; Elamite overlordship
of, 248 .
Amurru, the god called, Merodach and Adad-Ramman and,
316 .
Anahita (ana-hita), Persian goddess, identified with Nina-Ishtar,
496 .
Anakim, “sons of Anak”, the Hittites and, 11 ,
12 .
Anatu (an-, consort of Anu, 138 . Anau,
Turkestan, civilization of and the Sumerian, 5 ;
votive statuettes found at, 5 .
Ancestral totems, annual sacrifice of, 294 ;
in Babylonia and China, 295 .
Andromeda (an-drome-da), legend of, 152 .
Angus, the Irish love god, 90 ,
238 .
Animal forms of gods, 134 ,
135 .
Animism, xxxiii ; spirit groups and gods,
35 , 294 et seq.; fairies and elves relics of, 79 ,
80 ; stars and planets as ghosts,
295 , 304 ;
star worship, 317 ; Pelasgian gods as Fates,
317 .
“Annie, Gentle”, the Scottish wind hag, 73 .
Annis, Black, Leicester wind hag, 73 ,
101 .
Anshan, Province of, Sargon of Akkad conquers,
127 ; Cyrus, King of,
493
Anshar, the god, in group of elder deities,
37 ; Anu becomes like, 124 ; in Creation
legend, 138 et seq.; Ashur a form of,
326 , 354 ;
as “Assoros”, 328 ; as night sky god,
328 ; identified with Polar star,
330 , 331 ;
as astral Satyr (goat-man), 333 ; Tammuz and,
333 ; his six divinities of council,
334 .
Anthat (that), goddesses that link with,
268 .
Anthropomorphic gods, the Sumerian, 134 –136 .
Anu (, god of the sky, demons as messengers of,
34 , 77 ; in early
triad, 35 , 36 ;
among early gods, 37 ; Brahma and,
38 ; links with Mithra,
55 ; other gods and,
53 , 57 ; as father
of demons, 63 ; solar and lunar attributes of,
53 , 55 ; wind
spirits and, 72 ,
73 , 74 ; in demon war,
76 ; as father of Isis,
100 ; Ur-Nina and,
116 ; as father of Enlil,
124 ; as form of Anshar,
125 , 328 ;
high priest of and moon god, 130 ; during Isin
Dynasty, 132 ; in Creation legend,
138 et seq.; Merodach directs decrees
of, 149 ; Etana and eagle in heaven of,
166 ; in Gilgamesh legend,
173 et seq.; in Deluge legend,
190 et seq.; planetary gods and,
304 ; zodiacal “field of”,
307 ; the star spirits and,
318 ; as Anos,
328 ; as the “high head”, 334 ; Sargon II
and, 463 .
Anzan. See Anshan.
Apep (ep), the Egyptian serpent demon, 46 ,
156 .
Aphrodite (af-rō-dītē), boar lover of slays Adonis,
87 ; lovers of,
103 ; the “bearded” form of, 267 ,
301 ; birds and plants sacred to,
427 ; as a fate,
427 , 433 ;
legends attached to, 437 .
Apil-Sin (il-sin), King, grandfather of Hammurabi,
242 .
Apis bull (pis), inspiration from breath of,
49 ; Cambyses sacrifices to Mithra,
495 .
Apsu-Rishtu (apsrisht, god of the deep, like Egyptian Nu,
37 , 64 ; as enemy
of the gods, 38 ; Tiamat and,
106 ; in Creation legend,
138 et seq.; reference to by Damascius,
328 .
Apuatu (p-t (Osiris) as the Patriarch,
xxxii .
Arabia, moon worship in, 52 ; owl a mother
ghost in, 70 ; in Zu bird myth,
74 , 75 ; invaded
by Naram Sin, 129 ; Etana myth in,
166 , 167 ;
water of life myth, 186 ; Sargon
11 and kings of,
458 ; Sennacherib in,
466 .
Arabians, the, of Mediterranean race, 7 ; Semites
of Jewish type and, 7 ,
10 ; prehistoric migrations of,
11 , 12 .
Arad Ea (-ad-e, “ferryman” of Hades water,
34 ; Gilgamesh crosses sea of death with,
180 et seq.
Aramns, migrations of, 359 ; called “Suti”,
“Achlame”, “Arimi” “Khabiri”, and “Syrians”, 360 ;
Assyria and the, 367 ; as allies of Hittites,
377 , 378 ;
state of Damascus founded by, 390 ; Ashur-natsir-pal
III and, 398 ,
399 ; “mother worship” and, 434 ; as opponents
of sun worship, 445 ; settled in Asia Minor,
461 .
Archer, the Astral, Ashur, Gilgamesh, and Hercules as,
336 , 337 ;
robed with feathers, 344 ; Ashur and San-dan
as, 352 .
Ardat Lili (ardat li-li), a demon lover, 68 .
Ardys, King of Lydia, Assyria helps, 486 .
Ares, Greek war god, as boar slayer of Adonis,
87 , 304 .
Argistis I (argist-is), King of Urartu, campaigns of,
441 , 442 ,
or, Argistes.
Argistis II of Urartu, raids of Cimmerians and Scythians,
461 .
Arioch (i-ok), the Biblical, Warad-Sin as,
247 , 248 .
Arithmetic, finger counting in Babylonia and India,
310 ; development of,
312 . Ark, in flood legend,
191 et seq.
Arles money, Babylonian farm labourers received,
256 .
Armenia, Thunder god of, 261 ,
395 ; goddess Anaitis in,
267 . See Urartu.
Armenians, the use of cradle board by, 4 ,
5 ; ancestors of,
283 .
Armenoid Race, the, in Semitic blend, 10 ;
in Asia Minor, Syria, and Europe, 11 ,
262 ; traces of in prehistoric Egypt,
11 , 263 ,
264 ; in Palestine,
12 ; culture of,
315 .
Arnold, Edwin, xxii .
Arpad (pad) in reign of Tiglath-pileser IV,
446 , 447 .
Arrow, a symbol of lightning and fertility,
337 ; Ashur’s and the goddess Neith’s, 337
n. See Archer, the Astral.
Art, magical origin of, 288 .
Artaxerxes, 497 .
Artemis (te-mis), the goddess, lovers slain by,
104 ; as wind hag,
104 ; the “Great Bear” myth and,
296 .
Artisan gods, Ea, Ptah, Khnumu, and Indra as,
30 .
Aruru (arr, the mother goddess, 100 ,
160 , 420 ;
assists Merodach to create mankind, 148 ; in
Gilgamesh legend, 172 et seq.
Aryans (āri-ans), Mitannians as, 269 ,
270 ; Kassites and,
270 .
Asa, King of Judah, burning at grave of, 350 ;
images destroyed by, 403 ; appeal for aid to
Damascus, 404 ; death of,
407 .
Asari (si), Merodach as, and Osiris, 159 .
Ashdod, Cyprian King of, 458 ,
459 .
Ashtoreth (h-tōreth), Ishtar and, 100 ;
lovers of, 103 ; goddesses that link with,
267 ; worship of at Samaria,
439 ; also rendered Ashta-roth.
Ashur (hur), Asura theory, 278 ; as Aushar,
“water field”, the “Holy One”, and Anshar, 326 ;
the Biblical patriarch, 327 ; “Ashir” and Cappadocia,
327 ; Brahma and,
328 ; as Creator,
329 ; bull, eagle, and lion identified with,
330 ; connected with sun, Regulus, Arcturus,
and Orion, 331 ; King and,
331 ; Isaiah’s parable,
331 ; as bull of heaven,
334 ; winged disk or “wheel” of,
334 , 335 ;
standard of as “world spine”, 335 ; the archer
in “wheel”, 335 ; despiritualization theory,
335 , 336 ;
the solar archer as Merodach, Hercules, and Gilgamesh,
336 ; the arrow of,
337 ; Babylonian deities and,
337 ; Babylonian and Persian influences,
338 ; as god of fertility, &c.,
339 ; Assyrian civilization reflected by,
340 ; as corn god and war god,
340 ; the Biblical Nisroch,
341 ; the eagle and,
343 ; Ezekiel’s references to life wheel,
344 et seq.; fire cult and,
346 ; Indian wheel symbol,
346 , 347 ;
Persian wheel or disk, 347 ; wheels of Shamash
and Ishtar, 347 ; the Egyptian Ankh,
347 ; Hittite winged disk,
347 , 348 ;
Sandan and, 347 ,
348 ; Attis and,
348 ; son of Ea like Merodach,
348 ; aided by fires and sacrifices,
351 ; disk a symbol of life, fertility, &c.,
351 ; the lightning arrow,
352 ; temples of and worship of,
352 ; close association of with kings,
352 , 353 ;
association of with moon god, 353 ; astral phase
of, 354 ; Jastrow’s view,
354 ; Pinches on Merodach and Osiris links,
354 ; as patriarch, corn god, &c.,
354 , 355 ;
spouse of, 355 ; a Baal,
355 ; earthquake destroys temple of,
363 ; Shalmaneser I obtains treasure for,
366 ; Esarhaddon builds temple to,
476 ; Sennacherib murdered in temple of,
470 ; Ahura Mazda
and, 496 . See Asshur, the Biblical Patriarch.
Ashur-bani-pal (hur-bi-pal), discovery of library of,
xxii , xxiii ;
doctors and, 231 ,
232 ; worship of Ashur and Sin,
353 ; Merodach restored to Babylon by,
48 r, 482 ; Egyptian
campaign, 482 ; sack of Thebes,
483 ; emissaries from Gyges of Lydia visit,
483 ; Shamash-shum-ukin’s revolt against,
484 ; suicide of Shamash-shum-ukin,
485 ; Lydia aided by,
486 ; Sardanapalus legend,
486 ; the Biblical “Asnapper”,
487 ; palace of,
487 .
Ashur-dan I, of Assyria, 370 .
Ashur-dan III, reign of, 442 .
Ashur-danin-apli (ashur-dan-inapli), revolt of in Assyria,
414 , 415 .
Ashur-elit-ilani (ashur-elit-il-a ni), King of Assyria,
487 , 488 .
Ashur-natsir-pal I (ashur-natsir-pal) of Assyria,
369 .
Ashur-natsir-pal III, his “reign of terror”,
396 ; conquests and atrocities of, 397 ,
398 ; Babylonians over-awed by,
399 ; death of,
401 .
Ashur-nirari IV (ashur-ni-ri), last king of Assyria’s “Middle Empire”,
442 , 443 .
Ashur-uballit (ashur-u-b-lit), King of Assyria, Egypt and,
28 ,, 282 ,
285 ; conquests of,
284 ; grandson of as King of Babylon,
284 ; Arabian desert trade route,
360 .
Asia Minor, hill god of, 136 ; prehistoric
alien pottery in, 263 .
Ass, the sun god as, 329 ; in Lagash chariot,
330 .
“Ass of the East”, horse called in Babylonia,
270 .
shur, City of, Ashur the god of, 277 ;
Mitanni king plunders, 280 ; imported beliefs
in, 327 ; Biblical reference to,
339 ; development of god of,
355 ; Merodach’s statue deported to,
469 .
shur, the Biblical Patriarch of Assyria,
276 , 277 ,
327 . See Ashur.
Assyria, excavations in, xix et seq.;
Amorite migration to, 217 ; Hammurabi kings
as overlords of, 419 ; Thothmes III corresponds
with king of, 276 ; Biblical reference to rise
of, 276 , 277 ;
Aryan names of early kings of, 278 ; Mitanni
kings as overlords of, 279 ,
280 ; Semitized by Amorites,
279 ; in Tell-el-Amarna letters,
281 , 282 ;
rise of after fall of Mitanni, 284 ; struggles
with Babylonia for Mesopotamia, 284 –286 ;
361 et seq.; the national god, Ashur,
326 et seq.; Isaiah’s reference to,
340 ; Egyptians and Hittites allied against,
366 , 368 ;
Old Empire Kings, 366 et seq.; Babylonia
controls, 370 ; character of,
372 –375 ; periods
of history of, 375 ; at close of Kassite period,
380 ; end of Old Empire,
386 ; Second Empire of,
391 et seq.; sculpture of and Sumerian,
401 ; mother worship in,
420 et seq.; Urartu’s struggle with,
440 –442 ; end
of Second Empire, 443 ; Third Empire,
444 et seq.; Egypt becomes a province
of, 475 et seq.; last king of,
487 ; fall of Nineveh,
488 ; Cyaxares rules over,
493 .
Astarte (as-tte), lovers of, 103 ; animals
of on Lagash vase, 120 ; goddesses that link
with, 267 ; Semiramis and,
425 .
Astrology, basal idea in Babylonian, 317 ;
Babylonian and Grecian, 318 et seq.;
literary references to, 325 .
Astrology and astronomy, 287 et seq.
See Stars, Planets, and Constellations.
Astronomers, eclipses foretold by in late Assyrian period,
321 , 322 .
Astronomy, Merodach fixes stars, &c., in Creation legend,
147 , 148 ;
discovery that moon is lit by sun, 148 n.;
Mythical Ages and, 310 et seq.; theory
of Greek origin of, 319 et seq.; precession
of the equinoxes, 320 ,
320 n.; Assyro-Babylonian observatories,
320 –322 ; Hittites
pass Babylonian discoveries to Europe, 316 ;
in late Assyrian and neo-Babylonian period, 479 ,
480 .
Astyages (as-tya-jēz), King of the Medes, Cyrus displaces,
493 ; wife of a Lydian princess,
494 .
Asura fire (ă-shoora), in the sea, 50 ,
51 .
Atargatis (–gis), the goddess, legend of origin of,
28 ; as a bi-sexual deity,
267 ; Derceto and,
277 , 426 ,
427 ; Nina and,
277 , 278 .
Ate (e), mother goddess of Cilicia, 267 .
Athaliah (ath-a-līah), Queen, of Judah, 409 ;
reign of, 413 ; Joash crowned,
413 ; soldiers slay,
413 , 414 .
Athena (hena), indigenous goddess of Athens,
105 ; goat and,
337 .
Athens, imported gods in, 105 .
Atmospheric deities, Enlil, Indra, Ram-man, &c., as,
35 ; “air of life” from,
48 , 49 .
Aton, Akhenaton’s god, the goddess Mut and,
419 , 422 .
Attis (tis), the Phrygian god, Tammuz and,
84 ; death of, 87 ; as lover of Cybele,
103 , 104 ;
deities that link with, 267 ; as Jupiter,
305 ; Ashur and,
354 –355 ; symbols
of, 348 .
-A Jah as Ea, 31 .
Australia, star myths in, 296 ,
300 .
Axe, the double, symbol of god, 348 .
Azag-Bau (ag b), legendary queen of Kish,
114 ; humble origin of,
115 .
Azariah (az-a-rīah), King of Judah, 449 .
Baal, the moon god as, 51 ; shadowy spouse
of, 100 ; Ashur as,
355 ; worship of the Phnician in Israel,
406 .
Baal-dagon, the god, symbols of, 32 .
Bsha, King of Israel, 403 ; Damascus aids
Judah against, 404 ,
405 .
B- the Phnician mother goddess, 150 .
Babbar (bbar), sun god, 125 ; Nin Girsu
and, 132 ; of Sippar,
240 . See Shamash.
Babylon, in early Christian literature, xvii; German excavations at, xxiv;
Isaiah foretells doom of, 113 ,
114 , 478 ;
sack of by Gutium, 129 ; political rise of,
217 et seq.; early history of,
218 ; Greek descriptions of late city of,
219 et seq.; “hanging gardens” of,
220 ; date of existing ruins of,
222 ; marriage market of,
224 , 225 ;
sun worship in, 240 ; the London of Western
Asia, 253 ; return of Merodach from Mitanni
to, 272 ; observatory at,
321 ; destruction of by Sennacherib,
468 , 469 ;
restored by Esarhaddon, 471 ; Ashur-bani-pal
restores Merodach to, 481 ,
482 ; Shamash-sum-ukin’s revolt in,
484 , 485 ;
Belshazzar’s feast in, 494 ,
495 ; under the Persians,
496 ; Xerxes pillages Merodach’s temple in,
497 ; Alexander the Great in,
497 , 498 ;
under empire of Seleucid 498 ; slow death
of, 498 , 499 .
Babylonia, excavations in, xix et seq.;
religion of, xxviii ,
xxxi ; debt of modern world to,
xxxv ; early divisions of,
1 et seq.; harvests of,
21 , 22 ; the
two seasons of, 23 ,
24 ; rise of empire of;
133 ; Amorite migration into,
217 ; Golden Age of,
253 ; Hittite invasion of,
259 ; Tell-el-Amarna letters and,
281 ; early struggles with Assyria,
284 –286 ; star
myths of, 290 et seq.; ancestor worship
in, 295 ; beginning of arithmetic in,
310 et seq.; Kassites and Mesopotamia,
358 , 359 ,
361 et seq.; Arabian desert route,
360 ; influence of Hittites in,
364 , 366 ,
368 ; Assyria controlled by,
370 ; Kassite dynasty ends,
370 –371 ; compared
with Assyria, 371 –375 ;
Tiglath-pileser I and, 385 ; Ashur-natsir-pal
III overawes, 399 ; Shamshi-Adad VII subdues,
414 , 415 ;
Tiglath-pileser IV, the “Pulu” of, 444 –446 ;
Esarhaddon and, 471 –476 ;
Neo-Babylonian Age, 478 et seq.; Alexander
the Great and, 497 .
Baghdad railway, following ancient trade route,
357 , 357
n.
Balder, the Germanic god, Gilgamesh and, 184 ;
new age of, 202 ,
203 .
Bneb-tettu, Egyptian god, 29 .
Barley, husks of in Egyptian pre-Dynastic bodies,
6 .
Barleycorn, John, Nimrod and Icelandic god Barleycorn and,
170 , 171 .
Barque of Ra, sun as and the Babylonian “boat”,
56 , 57 .
Basques, the, language of and the Sumerian, 3 ;
shaving customs of, 4 .
Bt, the Egyptian serpent mother, 76 .
Ba, the Egyptian tale of, 85 .
Bats, ghosts as, 65 .
Battle, the Everlasting, 65 .
Bau (b), mother goddess, 100 ; Gula and
Ishtar and, 116 ; in Kish,
114 , 126 ,
127 ; associated with Nin-Girsu,
115 , 116 ;
Tiamat and, 150 ; doves and,
428 ; creatrix and,
437 .
Bear, as a clan totem, 164 .
Bearded gods, the Sumerian, 135 ,
136 , 137 ;
Egyptian customs, 136 .
“Beare, the Old Woman of”, as the eternal goddess,
101 , 102 .
Behistun, rock inscription at, xx .
Bel, the, Merodach as, 34 ; Enlil as the “elder”,
35 ; demons as “beloved sons” of,
63 ; Zu bird strives to he,
74 ; in demon war,
77 ; as son of Ea,
139 ; decapitated to create mankind,
148 ; Etana visits heaven of,
166 ; in Gilgamesh legend,
172 ; in flood legend,
190 et seq.; Zodiacal “field” of;
307 ; Sargon II and the “elder”,
463 .
Bel-Kap-K King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria,
419 .
Bel-nirari (bel-ni-ri), King of Assyria,
285 , 286 .
Bel-shum-iddin, last Kassite king, 371 .
Beli (bāle), “the Howler”, enemy of Germanic corn god,
95 .
Belit-sheri (bel-it-sheri), sister of Tammuz, in Hades,
98 , 117 .
Belshazzar, King of Babylon, over-throw of,
494 , 495 .
Beltane Day, fire ceremony of, 50 .
Beltu (bālt, the goddess, 36 ,
100 .
Ben-hadad I, King of Damascus, as overlord of Judah and Israel,
404 . Ben-hadad II, Ahab defeats twice,
406 , 407 ;
murder of by Hazael, 410 . Ben-hadad III, Assyrians
overcome, 438 ,
439 .
Beowulf(bā-ō-wf), brood of Cain in,
80 ; Scyld myth, 92 ,
93 ; sea monsters,
152 ; mother-monster in like Sumerian and Scottish,
154 , 155 .
Ber, “lord of the wild boar”, Ninip as, 302 .
Berosus, 27 ,
30 , 83 , 148 ,
164 , 170 ,
198 , 466 ,
470 , 492 .
Bhima (bheema), the Indian, like Gilgamesh and Hercules,
187 .
Birds, as ghosts and fates, 65 ; owl as mother’s
ghost, 70 ; demons enter the,
71 ; Sumerian Zu bird and Indian Garuda,
74 , 75 ,
168 , 169 ;
in Germanic legends, 147 n.; as symbols
of fertility, 169 ; birth eagle,
168 , 169 ,
171 ; imitation of and musical culture,
238 ; associated with goddesses,
423 et seq.; fairies as,
429 . See Doves, Eagle, Raven,
Swan, Vulture, Wry-neck.
Birth, magical aid for, 165 ; straw girdles,
serpent skins, eagle stones, and magi-cal plant,
165 .
Bi-sexual deities, Nannar, moon god; Ishtar, Isis, and Hapi as,
161 , Nina and Atargatis as,
277 , 278 ;
Merodach and Ishtar change forms, 299 ; Venus
both male and female, 299 ; mother body of moon
father, 299 ; Isis as a male,
299 .
Bitumen, Mesopotamian wells of, 25 . Blake,
W., double vision, 336 .
Blood, as vehicle of life, 45 ,
47 , 48 ; inspiration
from, 48 ; corn stalks as,
55 ; sap of trees as,
47 .
Boann (bō), Irish river and corn goddess,
33 .
Boar, offered to sea god, 33 ; demon Set as,
85 ; Babylonian Ninshach as,
86 ; Adonis slayer as,
86 , 87 ; Attis
slain by, 87 ; Diarmid slain by,
87 ; the Irish “green boar”,
87 ; the Totemic theory,
293 , 294 ;
Ninip-Ber as lord of the wild, 302 ; Nergal
as, 304 ; Ares as,
304 ; Ninip and Set as,
315 ; the Gaulish boar god and Mercury,
316 , 317 .
Boghaz-K (bog-h-ke), prehistoric pottery at,
5 ; Hittite capital,
262 ; mythological sculptures near,
268 ; Winckler cuneiform tablets from,
280 , 367 .
Bones, why taken from graves, 214 ; Shakespeare’s
curse, 215 .
Borsippa (borsip-pa), observatory at, 321 .
Botta, P. C., excavations of, xix ,
xx .
Bracelet, the wedding, Ishtar’s, 98 ; the
Hindu, 98 n.
Brahm the Indian god, like Ea, 27 ; Anu
and, 38 ; wife of,
101 ; eagle as,
169 ; Ashur and, 328 .
Brmans, algebra formulated by, 289 ; Assyrian
teachers and, 352 .
Breath of Apis bull, inspiration from, 49 .
Britain, the ancestral giant of, 42 ; Tammuz
myth in, 85 ; birth girdles in,
165 ; “Island of the Blessed” of,
203 ; in Egypt and Persia,
357 .
Brood of Tiamat, in Creation legend, 141 .
Brown, Robert, on Babylonian culture in India,
199 , 200 ,
308 , 309 ,
310 , 318 ,
322 .
Brown Race, the. See Mediterranean Race.
Buddha (bhă), Babylonian teachers like, 42 .
Budge, E. Wallis, on oldest companies of Babylonian and Egyptian gods,
36 , 37 .
Bull, offered to sea god, 33 ; Ninip as the,
53 , 302 ,
334 ; of Mithra,
55 ; the winged, 41 ,
65 ; Osiris as, 85 ,
89 , 99 ; Tammuz
as, 85 ; Attis and the,
89 ; Enlil as, 159 ;
of Ishtar in Gilgamesh myth, 176 ; seers wrapped
in skin of, 213 ; Horus as,
301 , 302 ;
as sky god, 329 ; Ashur as,
334 ; the lunar,
135 , 334 .
Burial customs, cremation ceremony, 49 ,
50 , 350 ; “house
of clay”, 56 ; “houses” and charms for dead,
206 , 207 ,
212 ; Pallithic and Neolithic,
207 ; the Egyptian,
209 ; religious need for ceremonies,
208 , 209 ;
Sumerian like early Egyptian, 211 ,
214 ; priestly fees,
210 , 211 ;
food, fish-hooks and weapons in graves, 212 ;
why dead were clothed, 213 ; honey in coffins,
214 ; disturbance of bones,
214 , 215 ;
burnings at Hebrew graves, 350 ,
351 .
Buriats, the, “calling back” of ghosts by, 69 ,
70 ; earth and air elves of,
105 .
Burkans (boorkans), “the masters”, spirits or elves of Siberians,
105 .
Burnaburiash I (bna-bi-ash), Kassite king,
274 .
Burns, Robert, 72 ; the John Barleycorn myth,
170 .
Burrows, Professor, Cretan snake and dove goddess,
430 .
Byron, star lore, 325 .
Cailleach (kyăk), the Gaelic, a wind hag,
73 ; as eternal goddess, 101 .
Calah (kah), the Biblical. See Kalkhi.
Calendar, the early Egyptian, 14 ; the Babylonian,
305 .
Cambyses (kam-bīsēz), as King of Babylon, 495 ;
sacrifice of Apis bull to Mithra by, 495 ; wife
of a Semiramis, 496 .
Canaan, Abraham arrives in, 245 ; tribes
in, 245 , 246 ;
Elamite conquest of, 247 ,
248 , 249 ;
first reference to Israelites in, 379 .
Canaanites, Hittites identified with, 266 .
Canals of Ancient Babylonia, 22 ,
23 .
Cappadocia, Cimmerians in, 472 .
Captivity, the Hebrew, Chebar river (Kheber canal) at Nippur,
344 .
Carchemish (kke-mish), German railway bridge and Hittite wall at,
357 n.; Hittite city state of,
395 ; revolt of,
461 ; Nebuchadrezzar defeats Pharaoh Necho at,
489 .
Caria (ki-, assists Lydia against Cimmerians,
484 ; mercenaries from in Egypt,
486 .
Cat, sun god as, 329 .
Caucasus, the, skull forms in, 8 .
Cave dwellers, the Palestinian, 10 .
Celtic goddesses, of Iberian origin, 105 .
Celtic water demon myths, 28 .
Celts, Achns and, 377 .
Ceres (sē-rēz), 103 .
Chaldns, Babylonian priests called, 222 ,
497 ; in Hammurabi Age,
257 ; history of,
390 ; Aramns and,
390 ; Judah’s relations with,
408 ; Merodach Baladan King of,
457 et seq.; revolt of against Esarhaddon,
471 ; revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal,
484 ; Nabo-polassar King of Babylon,
487 .
Charms, the burial, 206 ; ornaments as,
211 ; the metrical and poetic development,
237 —9 .
Chedor-laomer (chedor-l-mer), the Biblical,
247 , 248 .
Chellean (shelle-an) flints, in Palestine, 10 .
Cherubs, the four-faced, 344 .
Child god, Tammuz and Osiris as the, 89 ,
90 ; Sargon of Akkad as,
91 ; Germanic Scyld or Sceaf as,
92 , 93 .
Children, stolen by hags and fairies, 68 ;
in mother worship, 107 ,
108 .
China, spitting customs in, 47 ; dragons of,
152 ; ancestor worship in,
295 .
Chinese, language of and the Sumerian, 3 .
Chronology, inflated dating and Berlin system,
xxiv , xxv .
Cilicia, thunder god of, 261 ; Ate, goddess
of, 267 ; Hittite Kingdom of,
395 ; Ionians in,
464 ; in anti-Assyrian league,
473 ; Ashur-bani-pal expels Cimmerians from,
484 , 486 .
Cimmerians, raids of in Asia Minor, 461 ,
464 ; Esarhaddon and,
472 ; Gyges of Lydia and,
483 , 484 ,
486 ; Lydians break power of,
486 .
Clans, Totemic names and symbols of, 293 .
Clepsydra, a Babylonian invention, 323 .
Clothing, magical significance of, 212 ;
the reed mats and sheepskins in graves, 213 ;
the bull skin, 213 ; the ephod and prophet’s
mantle, 213 , 214 .
Comana (kō-ma), Hittite city of, 395 .
Constellations, the Zu bird, 74 ; why animal
forms were adopted, 289 ; the “Great Bear” in
various mythologies, 295 ,
296 , 309 ;
the Pleiades, 296 ,
297 ; Pisces as “fish of Ea”,
296 ; the “sevenfold one”,
298 , 300 :
Merodach’s forms, 299 ; Castor and Pollux myths
in Australia, Africa, and Greece, 300 ; Tammuz
and Orion, 301 ; months controlled by,
305 ; signs of Zodiac,
305 ; Babylonian and modern signs,
308 ; the central, northern, and southern,
309 ; “Fish of the Canal” and “the Horse”,
309 ; the “Milky Way”,
309 ; identified before planets,
318 ; Biblical and literary references to,
324 , 325 ;
the “Arrow”, “Eagle”, “Vulture”, “Swan”, and “Lyra”,
336 , 337 .
Copper, Age of in Palestine, 11 ; first use
of, 12 ; in Northern Mesopotamia,
25 ; Gudea of Lagash takes from Elam,
130 .
Corn child god, Tammuz and Osiris as, 89 ,
90 ; Sargon as, 91 ;
the Germanic Scyld or Scef, 92 ,
93 , 94 ; Frey
and Heimdal as, 94 .
Corn Deities, as river and fish gods and goddesses,
29 , 32 ,
33 .
Corn god, moon god as, 52 ; Mithra as,
55 ; the thunder god as,
57 , 340 ; Tammuz
and Osiris as, 81 et seq.; Khonsu as,
go; Frey and Agni as, 94 ; fed with sacrificed
children, 171 .
Corn goddess, Isis as, 90 ; fish goddess as,
117 .
Cow goddesses, Isis, Nepthys, and Hathor as,
99 , 329 .
Creation, local character of Babylonian conception, xxix; of mankind at Eridu,
38 ; legend of,
134 , 138 et seq.; night as parent
of day, 330 .
Creative tears, 45 et seq.
Creator gods, Ea and Ptah as, 30 ; eagle god
as, 169 .
Creatress, the goddess Mania as, 57 ; Aruru
as, 100 , 148 ;
forms of, 437 .
Cremation, traces of in Gezer caves, 11 ;
the ceremony of, 49 ; not Persian or Sumerian,
50 ; in European Bronze Age,
316 ; Saul burned,
350 ; Sardanapalus legend,
350 .
Crete, chronology of, xv ,
114 ; no temples,
xxxi ; women’s s high social status in,
16 ; Dagon’s connection with,
33 ; prehistoric pottery in,
263 Hyksos trade with,
273 ; Achns invade,
376 , 377 ;
Philistine raiders from, 379 ; dove and snake
sacred in, 430 ; dove goddess not Babylonian,
433 , 434 .
Crocodile god of Egypt, 29 ; sun god as,
329 .
Crsus of Lydia, Cyrus defeats, 494 .
Cromarty, the south-west wind hag or, 73 .
Cronos, as the Destroyer, 64 ; Ninip and Set
and, 315 .
Cuneiform writing, earliest use of, 7 .
Cushites, Biblical reference to, 276 .
Cuthah (khah), Nergal, god of, 54 ; annual
fires at, 170 ; the Underworld city of,
205 ; demon legend of,
215 , 216 ;
men of in Samaria, 455 ,
456 .
“Cuthean Legend of Creation”, 215 ,
216 .
Cyaxares (sy-ax-es), Median King, Nineveh captured by,
488 ; ally of Nabopolassar,
493 .
Cybele (ky-bele), Attis lover of, 103 ,
104 , 267 .
Cyprus, dove goddess not Babylonian, 433 ,
434 ; dove goddess of,
426 , 427 ,
433 , 434 ;
Ashur-bani-pal and, 484 .
Cyrus, Merodach calls, 493 ; the Patriarch
of, 493 ; the eagle tribe of,
493 ; Astyages defeated by,
493 ; Egypto-Lydian alliance against,
494 ; Nabonidus and,
494 ; Crsus of Lydia overthrown by,
494 ; fall of Babylon,
494 , 495 ;
the King of Babylonia, 495 ; welcomed by Jews,
495 ; rebuilding of Jerusalem temple,
496 .
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